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Endocrine System > Vitamin Workshop > Flashcards

Vitamin Workshop Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms of a vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • depressed immune response (esp measles)
  • xeropthalmia
  • night-blindness
  • poor embryonic development
  • thickening of the corneum (hyperkeratosis)
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2
Q

What is the function of Vitamin A?

A
  • maintains all epithelial linings
  • maintains the cornea
  • night vision
  • immune function
  • bone metabolism
  • hematopoiesis
  • important for correct fetal development
  • needed to form rhodopsin
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3
Q

What are the symptoms of a Vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • minimal walking in children (rickets)
  • osteomalacia in adults (softening of the bones), presents as muscle aches and pains.
  • hypocalcemia can also present with tetany
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4
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A
  • maintains blood calcium and phosphate levels.
  • enhances intestinal calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.
  • bone strength
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of a Vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • hemorrhagic disease in infants (intracranial and retroperitoneal bleeding)
  • osteoporosis in adults (many bone fractures)
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6
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K?

A
  • required for normal blood clotting.
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency?

A
  • scurvy (fatigue, infections, dry hair and skin, bruising, poor wound healing, dental conditions, joint and muscle aches, mood changes, weight loss, anemia, nosebleeds, gingivitis)
  • petechiae
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8
Q

What is the function of vitamin C?

A
  • antioxidant
  • necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine leading to increased H-bonds in collagen
  • important for wound healing
  • necessary for synthesis of dopamine-B-hydroxylase which converts dopamine to norepinephrine
  • facilitates iron absorption (Fe2+ easier to reabsorb)
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?

A
  • common in those with fat malabsorption (duodenal switch)
  • cause neuromuscular disorders and hemolysis
  • spinocerebellar syndromes may present as ataxia
  • hemolysis may lead to anemia
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10
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A
  • prevents oxidation of vitamin C and A (antioxidant!)
  • protects polyunsaturated FA in membrane from free radical attacks
  • protects RBC again hemolysis
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

seizures, rashes, cracked lips, mental disorders like depression and hyper-irritability

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12
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B6?

A

converted to PLP, cofactor for serotonin production, heme synthesis, niacin synthesis from Trp, nucleic acid synthesis

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of folate deficiency?

A
  • elevated homocyteine levels, megaloblastic anemia, fatigue, weakness, SOB, neural tube defects, anencephaly, spinabifida
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14
Q

What are the functions of folate?

A

used to reduce FH4 and accepts single carbon fragments from donors (Ser, gly, his, trp) and transfers them to intermediates in AA and nucleic acid synthesis

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of B12 deficiency?

A

pernicious anemia (autoimmune), food bound B12 malabsoption, impaired methionine synthesis, impaired L-methylmalonyl-CoA, neurological damage to myelin sheet, Gi inflammation, impaired DNA synthesis

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16
Q

What are the functions of B12?

A

cofactor for both methionine synthase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase so involved in converting homocysteine to methionine (required for SAM which methylates DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc)
- malonyl CoA mutase straights to malonyl CoA to succinyl CoA which can enter citric cycle and make energy. Also needed for hemoglobin synthesis

17
Q

What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency?

A

hair loss, dermatitis (rash around eyes, nose mouth, genitals), muscle pain, depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numbness, tingling of extremities, insomnia

18
Q

What are the functions of biotin?

A
  • cofactor for carboxylase enzymes

- acetyl CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, methlycrotonyl CoA carboxylase, propionyl CoA carboxylase

19
Q

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A

white spots in fingernails, pale rough skin, dry hair, acne, unhealthy weight loss, loss of appetite, dandruff, slow wound healing, poor night vision, mood swings, frequent infections

20
Q

Function of zinc?

A

anything that uses zinc finger

21
Q

Iron deficiency?

A

anemia, fatigue, difficulty concentration and maintaining body temp, decreased immune function, glossitis, pica (eat dirt!)

22
Q

Iron function?

A
  • heme binds O2

- redox rnx in cellular respiration like ETC

23
Q

Iodine deficiency?

A

goiter, mental retardation, cretinism, hypothyroidism symptoms

24
Q

Iodine function?

A

thyroid hormone synthesis, immune function

25
Q

Potassium deficiency?

A

weakness, fatigue, muscle cramping, GI distress, arrhythmia, abnormal EKG, kidney stones, increased bone turnover (brittle bones)

26
Q

Potassium functions?

A

maintenance of neuronal and muscular membrane potentials. Cardiac rhythm and acid-base balance

27
Q

Sodium deficiency?

A

hyponatremia resulting in drowsiness, fatigue, restlessness, headache, nausea, confusion, loss of consciousness or coma, muscle weakness/spasms, vomiting

28
Q

Sodium functions?

A

maintains plasma osmolarity, membrane potential for neuronal and muscular action potentials, membrane transport mechanisms

29
Q

B1 thiamine deficiency?

A

beriberi, resulting in confusion, loss of reflexes, difficulting walking, neropathy, tachycardia, dyspnea

30
Q

B1 thiamine function?

A

TPP is cofactor for decarboxylations like pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase, BCAA dehydrogenase

31
Q

B2 riboflavin deficiency?

A

oral-ocular-genital syndrome where you get angular chelitis, photophobia, scrotal dermatitis, mouth ulcers, dry scaling skin, iron deficiency, itchy skin, bloodshot eyes

32
Q

B2 riboflavin function?

A

main component of FAD and FMN cofactors involved in oxidative enzymes, required for all flavoproteins. involved in metabolism of fats, carbs, and proteins, antioxidant activity

33
Q

B3 Niacin deficiency?

A

Pellagra, the 3 D’s, diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis. Can be followed by death if untreated

34
Q

B3 Niacin function?

A

redox reactions. steroid formation, FA synthesis, protein metabolism, DNA repair, TCA cycle

35
Q

B5 pantothenic acid deficiency?

A

dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency, hepatic encephalopathy

36
Q

B5 pantothenic acid function?

A

CoA and acyl carrier protein in FA synthase. needed for extracting energy from foods, making neurotransmitters, detox by the liver, and protein acetylation.

Endocrine System (16 decks)

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