Vitamin Workshop Flashcards
What are the symptoms of a vitamin A deficiency?
- depressed immune response (esp measles)
- xeropthalmia
- night-blindness
- poor embryonic development
- thickening of the corneum (hyperkeratosis)
What is the function of Vitamin A?
- maintains all epithelial linings
- maintains the cornea
- night vision
- immune function
- bone metabolism
- hematopoiesis
- important for correct fetal development
- needed to form rhodopsin
What are the symptoms of a Vitamin D deficiency?
- minimal walking in children (rickets)
- osteomalacia in adults (softening of the bones), presents as muscle aches and pains.
- hypocalcemia can also present with tetany
What is the function of Vitamin D?
- maintains blood calcium and phosphate levels.
- enhances intestinal calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.
- bone strength
What are the symptoms of a Vitamin K deficiency?
- hemorrhagic disease in infants (intracranial and retroperitoneal bleeding)
- osteoporosis in adults (many bone fractures)
What is the function of Vitamin K?
- required for normal blood clotting.
What are the symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency?
- scurvy (fatigue, infections, dry hair and skin, bruising, poor wound healing, dental conditions, joint and muscle aches, mood changes, weight loss, anemia, nosebleeds, gingivitis)
- petechiae
What is the function of vitamin C?
- antioxidant
- necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine leading to increased H-bonds in collagen
- important for wound healing
- necessary for synthesis of dopamine-B-hydroxylase which converts dopamine to norepinephrine
- facilitates iron absorption (Fe2+ easier to reabsorb)
What are the symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?
- common in those with fat malabsorption (duodenal switch)
- cause neuromuscular disorders and hemolysis
- spinocerebellar syndromes may present as ataxia
- hemolysis may lead to anemia
What is the function of Vitamin E?
- prevents oxidation of vitamin C and A (antioxidant!)
- protects polyunsaturated FA in membrane from free radical attacks
- protects RBC again hemolysis
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency?
seizures, rashes, cracked lips, mental disorders like depression and hyper-irritability
What is the function of Vitamin B6?
converted to PLP, cofactor for serotonin production, heme synthesis, niacin synthesis from Trp, nucleic acid synthesis
What are the symptoms of folate deficiency?
- elevated homocyteine levels, megaloblastic anemia, fatigue, weakness, SOB, neural tube defects, anencephaly, spinabifida
What are the functions of folate?
used to reduce FH4 and accepts single carbon fragments from donors (Ser, gly, his, trp) and transfers them to intermediates in AA and nucleic acid synthesis
What are the symptoms of B12 deficiency?
pernicious anemia (autoimmune), food bound B12 malabsoption, impaired methionine synthesis, impaired L-methylmalonyl-CoA, neurological damage to myelin sheet, Gi inflammation, impaired DNA synthesis
What are the functions of B12?
cofactor for both methionine synthase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase so involved in converting homocysteine to methionine (required for SAM which methylates DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc)
- malonyl CoA mutase straights to malonyl CoA to succinyl CoA which can enter citric cycle and make energy. Also needed for hemoglobin synthesis
What are the symptoms of biotin deficiency?
hair loss, dermatitis (rash around eyes, nose mouth, genitals), muscle pain, depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numbness, tingling of extremities, insomnia
What are the functions of biotin?
- cofactor for carboxylase enzymes
- acetyl CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, methlycrotonyl CoA carboxylase, propionyl CoA carboxylase
What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
white spots in fingernails, pale rough skin, dry hair, acne, unhealthy weight loss, loss of appetite, dandruff, slow wound healing, poor night vision, mood swings, frequent infections
Function of zinc?
anything that uses zinc finger
Iron deficiency?
anemia, fatigue, difficulty concentration and maintaining body temp, decreased immune function, glossitis, pica (eat dirt!)
Iron function?
- heme binds O2
- redox rnx in cellular respiration like ETC
Iodine deficiency?
goiter, mental retardation, cretinism, hypothyroidism symptoms
Iodine function?
thyroid hormone synthesis, immune function
Potassium deficiency?
weakness, fatigue, muscle cramping, GI distress, arrhythmia, abnormal EKG, kidney stones, increased bone turnover (brittle bones)
Potassium functions?
maintenance of neuronal and muscular membrane potentials. Cardiac rhythm and acid-base balance
Sodium deficiency?
hyponatremia resulting in drowsiness, fatigue, restlessness, headache, nausea, confusion, loss of consciousness or coma, muscle weakness/spasms, vomiting
Sodium functions?
maintains plasma osmolarity, membrane potential for neuronal and muscular action potentials, membrane transport mechanisms
B1 thiamine deficiency?
beriberi, resulting in confusion, loss of reflexes, difficulting walking, neropathy, tachycardia, dyspnea
B1 thiamine function?
TPP is cofactor for decarboxylations like pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, transketolase, BCAA dehydrogenase
B2 riboflavin deficiency?
oral-ocular-genital syndrome where you get angular chelitis, photophobia, scrotal dermatitis, mouth ulcers, dry scaling skin, iron deficiency, itchy skin, bloodshot eyes
B2 riboflavin function?
main component of FAD and FMN cofactors involved in oxidative enzymes, required for all flavoproteins. involved in metabolism of fats, carbs, and proteins, antioxidant activity
B3 Niacin deficiency?
Pellagra, the 3 D’s, diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis. Can be followed by death if untreated
B3 Niacin function?
redox reactions. steroid formation, FA synthesis, protein metabolism, DNA repair, TCA cycle
B5 pantothenic acid deficiency?
dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency, hepatic encephalopathy
B5 pantothenic acid function?
CoA and acyl carrier protein in FA synthase. needed for extracting energy from foods, making neurotransmitters, detox by the liver, and protein acetylation.
