Vitals

Question 1

Normal pulse rate

Answer 1

Adolescents and adults 60/100 beats per min

Question 2

Tachycardia

Answer 2

100-180 beats per min

Question 3

Factors contributing to tachycardia

Answer 3

Decrease in BP 
Pain
Condition resulting in poor oxygenation of blood (shock, heart failure, hemorrhage) 
Fever
Hyperthyroidism 
Exercise 
Strong emotions
medications

Question 4

Bradycardia

Answer 4

Pulse rate below 60 beats per min

Question 5

Sinus bradycardia

Answer 5

Slowing of the heart rate while also strengthening the force of contraction to the increase cardiac output

Question 6

Nurse should immediately report bradycardia when patient

Answer 6

Difficult breathing
Changes in level of consciousness 
Decreased BP
ECG changes 
Angina

Question 7

Pulse amplitudes

Answer 7

0 absent, unstable
+1 diminished weaker than expected
+2 beisk, normal
+3 bounding

Question 8

Dysrhythmia

Answer 8

Irregular pattern of heart beats

Report immediately

Question 9

Normal respiratory rates

Answer 9

12-20 per min

Question 10

Eupnea

Answer 10

Normal respiration

Question 11

Tachypnea

Answer 11

Increase in respiratory rate

Question 12

Bradypnea

Answer 12

Decrease in respiratory rate

Question 13

Apnea

Answer 13

Periods where there is no breathing

Question 14

Dyspnea

Answer 14

Difficult of labored breathing

Rapid shallow respirations & appears anxious

Question 15

Orthopnea

Answer 15

Condition in which ppl w/ dyspnea breath easier in sitting upright position

Question 16

What to look for in respiration

Answer 16

Respiratory rate
Depth
Rhythm
Oxygenation of blood

Question 17

Blood pressure

Answer 17

Force of moving blood against arterial walls

Question 18

How is a cardiac output determined?

Answer 18

Stroke volume x heart rate

Question 19

What increases BP

Answer 19

Increased cardiac output

Question 20

What decreases BP

Answer 20

Weak contraction of the heart w/ decrease CO

Question 21

Epinephrine

Answer 21

Sympathetic neurotransmitter released from adrenal gland to INCREASE heart rate & contractility = increasing CO

Question 22

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 22

Cause vasoconstriction in arteriales through angiotensinogen II

INCREASES sodium & water retention by kidneys to INCREASE circulatory fluid volume INCREASING BP long term

Question 23

Vasopressin

Answer 23

Antidiuretic hormone ADH released from posterior pituitary by decreased blood volume & BP by increase of concentration of body fluids

Has direct vasoconstriction effect on blood vessels increasing peripheral resistance

Question 24

Factors affecting BP

Answer 24

Age
Circadian rhythm 
Gender
Food intake
Exercise 
Weight 
Emotional state
Body position 
Race 
Drugs/meds

Question 25

Normal blood pressures

Answer 25

Around 120 systolic AND 80 diastolic Hypertension 140 and over(systolic) or 90 and over (diastolic)

Question 26

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 26

Decrease in systolic BP of 20mmhg or decrease in diastolic BP of 10mmhg witching 3 min of standing compared to BP from sitting of supine position

Question 27

Nursing interventions for tachycardia

Answer 27

Monitor for pain, anxiety, restlessness, fatigue, low BP, low O2 saturation Monitor for potential adverse effects of meds Prevent injury

Question 28

Bradycardia factors

Answer 28

``` Long term physical fitness Hypothermia Medications Changing positions Chronic severe pain Hypothyroidism Relaxation ```

Question 29

Nursing interventions for bradycardia

Answer 29

Monitor for hypotension, chest pain, syncope, diaphoresis, dyspnea, & altered mental state Monitor for potential effects Prevent injury

Question 30

Assessment of respiration’s includes;

Answer 30

Rate # of full inspirations and expirations in 1 min. Depth amount of chest wall expansion in each breath Rhythm observation of breathing intervals

Question 31

Considerations of respirations

Answer 31

``` Age Sex Anxiety Smoking Body position Medications Neurological injury to brainstem Illnesses Impaired oxygen carrying capacity of the blood ```

Question 32

Normal BP

Answer 32

Systolic of < 120 And Diastolic of < 80

Question 33

Prehypertension

Answer 33

Systolic of 120 - 139 Or Diastolic of 80-89

Question 34

Stage 1 hypertension

Answer 34

Systolic of 140-159 Or Diastolic 90-99

Question 35

Stage 2 hypertension

Answer 35

Systolic > 160 Or Diastolic > 100

Question 36

How do you determine whether BP is normal, prehypertension, or hypertension?

Answer 36

Base it off highest reading of two numbers and then categorize it

Question 37

Considerations of blood pressure

Answer 37

``` Age Circadian rhythms Stress Ethnicity Sex Medications Exercise Exercise Obesity Family history ```