Vital Signs

Question 1

What are the two types of hypertension?

Answer 1

• primary (90%)

- secondary (10%)

Question 2

What are the causes of primary hypertension?

Answer 2

• genetics

- aging bodies

Question 3

What are the causes of secondary hypertension?

Answer 3

• medications
• disease states
• foods with high sodium
• alcohol

Question 4

How do you prepare a patient for a BP reading?

Answer 4

• pt should avoid caffeine, nicotine, and exercise 30 min before
• pt should be relaxed 5 min before with no legs crossed
• empty bladder

Question 5

The headset for the stethoscope should always point…

Answer 5

out towards nose

Question 6

The diaphragm of the stethoscope is the…

Answer 6

big part and can be less precise about placement

Question 7

The bell of the stethoscope is the…

Answer 7

small piece

- better for hearing things, but have to be more accurate in placement

Question 8

What happens if the BP cuff is too small?

Answer 8

BP will be falsely high

Question 9

What happens if the BP cuff is too big?

Answer 9

BP will be falsely low

Question 10

What artery should the BP cuff cover?

Answer 10

brachial artery

Question 11

What sounds should you listen to when measuring BP?

Answer 11

Korotkoff sounds

• first is SBP
• second is DBP

Question 12

What are the numbers for stage 1 HTN?

Answer 12

one or other

• SBP: 130-139
• DBP: 80-89

Question 13

What are the numbers for stage 2 HTN?

Answer 13

one or other

• SBP: >140
• DBP: > 90

Question 14

What are the goal numbers for pt with HTN?

Answer 14

< 130/80

Question 15

Which fingers should you use to measure heart rate?

Answer 15

index and middle finger

Question 16

What are some ways to count HR?

Answer 16

• count for 15 seconds and multiply by 4

- count for 30 seconds and multiply by 2

Question 17

What is the normal HR?

Answer 17

60-100 beats per minute

Question 18

What is the normal respiratory rate?

Answer 18

12-20

Question 19

What is Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 19

• autoimmune disorder (genetic)
• beta cells are destroyed
• insulin deficiency

Question 20

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

• decline in insulin release

- insulin resistance

Question 21

Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes:

Answer 21

• early onset

- often occurs at younger age

Question 22

Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes:

Answer 22

• develops gradually
• often occurs at later age
• mainly screening for these at outreach

Question 23

Why is diagnosing diabetes important?

Answer 23

can cause macrovascular and microvascular issues

• macrovascular: stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease
• microvascular: retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy

Question 24

What are some ways to screen for diabetes?

Answer 24

• A1C test
• fasting blood sugar
• glucose tolerance test
• random blood sugar test

Question 25

What are the four types of cholesterol?

Answer 25

• LDL
• HDL
• VLDL
• TC

Question 26

Info on LDLs:

Answer 26

bad cholesterol

- high levels = plaque buildup

Question 27

Info on HDLs:

Answer 27

• takes cholesterol from body back to liver to be removed

- good cholesterol

Question 28

Info on VLDL:

Answer 28

carries triglycerides

Question 29

Info on TC:

Answer 29

measurement of total amount of cholesterol in blood

Question 30

What is considered a normal bone density reading?

Answer 30

-1 and above

Question 31

What reading is considered osteopenia?

Answer 31

between -1 and -2.5

Question 32

What reading is considered osteoporosis?

Answer 32

-2.5 and below

Question 33

For optimal absorption of calcium, how should one take it?

Answer 33

500 mg QD