Vital Signs Flashcards
What are the two types of hypertension?
- primary (90%)
- secondary (10%)
What are the causes of primary hypertension?
- genetics
- aging bodies
What are the causes of secondary hypertension?
- medications
- disease states
- foods with high sodium
- alcohol
How do you prepare a patient for a BP reading?
- pt should avoid caffeine, nicotine, and exercise 30 min before
- pt should be relaxed 5 min before with no legs crossed
- empty bladder
The headset for the stethoscope should always point…
out towards nose
The diaphragm of the stethoscope is the…
big part and can be less precise about placement
The bell of the stethoscope is the…
small piece
- better for hearing things, but have to be more accurate in placement
What happens if the BP cuff is too small?
BP will be falsely high
What happens if the BP cuff is too big?
BP will be falsely low
What artery should the BP cuff cover?
brachial artery
What sounds should you listen to when measuring BP?
Korotkoff sounds
- first is SBP
- second is DBP
What are the numbers for stage 1 HTN?
one or other
- SBP: 130-139
- DBP: 80-89
What are the numbers for stage 2 HTN?
one or other
- SBP: >140
- DBP: > 90
What are the goal numbers for pt with HTN?
< 130/80
Which fingers should you use to measure heart rate?
index and middle finger
What are some ways to count HR?
- count for 15 seconds and multiply by 4
- count for 30 seconds and multiply by 2
What is the normal HR?
60-100 beats per minute
What is the normal respiratory rate?
12-20
What is Type 1 diabetes?
- autoimmune disorder (genetic)
- beta cells are destroyed
- insulin deficiency
What is Type 2 diabetes?
- decline in insulin release
- insulin resistance
Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes:
- early onset
- often occurs at younger age
Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes:
- develops gradually
- often occurs at later age
- mainly screening for these at outreach
Why is diagnosing diabetes important?
can cause macrovascular and microvascular issues
- macrovascular: stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease
- microvascular: retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
What are some ways to screen for diabetes?
- A1C test
- fasting blood sugar
- glucose tolerance test
- random blood sugar test
What are the four types of cholesterol?
- LDL
- HDL
- VLDL
- TC
Info on LDLs:
bad cholesterol
- high levels = plaque buildup
Info on HDLs:
- takes cholesterol from body back to liver to be removed
- good cholesterol
Info on VLDL:
carries triglycerides
Info on TC:
measurement of total amount of cholesterol in blood
What is considered a normal bone density reading?
-1 and above
What reading is considered osteopenia?
between -1 and -2.5
What reading is considered osteoporosis?
-2.5 and below
For optimal absorption of calcium, how should one take it?
500 mg QD
