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PPS2 > Lab Values > Flashcards

Lab Values Flashcards

1
Q

Lab values can be an indicator of…

A

change in health status

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2
Q

Pharmacist’s role with lab values:

A
  • review labs for trends and abnormalities
  • suggest med adjustments
  • monitor therapy
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3
Q

What are some terms that indicate high values?

A
  • hyper

- __cytosis

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4
Q

What are some terms that indicate low values?

A
  • hypo

- ___ penia

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5
Q

What does a basic metabolic panel (BMP) measure?

A
  • electrolytes
  • acid-base balance
  • kidney function
  • blood sugar
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6
Q

What is a BMP also known as?

A

fishbone diagram

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7
Q

Normal range for Na+:

A

135-145 mEq/L

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8
Q

Normal range for K+:

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

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9
Q

Normal range for Cl-:

A

95-105 mEq/L

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10
Q

Normal range for HCO3-:

A

22-28 mEq/L

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11
Q

Normal range for BUN:

A

10-20 mg/dL

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12
Q

Normal range for sCr:

A

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

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13
Q

Normal range for glucose:

A

70-99 mg/dL

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14
Q

Normal range for Ca2+:

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

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15
Q

Sodium is the primary…

A

extracellular cation

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16
Q

Function of sodium:

A

balance fluids

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17
Q

Common causes of hypernatremia:

A
  • fluid loss
  • decreased fluid intake
  • meds like corticosteroids, laxatives, IV fluids
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18
Q

Quick elevations in sodium leads to…

A
  • coma
  • seizure
  • death
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19
Q

Treatment for hypernatremia:

A
  • rehydration

- reduce sodium intake

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20
Q

Common causes of hyponatremia:

A
  • excess body fluid

- meds like carbamazepine, thiazide and loop diuretics, and vasopressin

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21
Q

Sodium levels < 115 mEq/L leads to…

A
  • confusion
  • lethargy
  • coma
  • death
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22
Q

Potassium is the primary…

A

intracellular cation

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23
Q

Functions of potassium:

A
  • nerve and muscle excitement

- acid base balance

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24
Q

High or low potassium levels can lead to…

A

cardiac arrest

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25
Q

Common causes of hyperkalemia:

A
  • decreased potassium excretion (indicates renal failure)
  • acidosis
  • cell damage
  • meds like ACE inhibitors, and ARBs
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26
Q

Treatments for hyperkalemia:

A
  • sodium polystyrene

- sodium zirconium

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27
Q

Common causes of hypokalemia:

A
  • increased loss via diarrhea or vomiting
  • alkalosis
  • meds like thiazide and loop diuretics and insulin
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28
Q

Chloride is the primary…

A

extracellular anion

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29
Q

Hyperchloremia or hypochloremia indicates issues with…

A

acid base balance

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30
Q

Functions of chloride:

A
  • electrical neutrality
  • water balance
  • acid-base balance
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31
Q

Common causes of hyperchloremia:

A
  • dehydration
  • decreased loss or excretion via renal failure
  • acid base disorders (respiratory alkalosis or metabolic acidosis)
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32
Q

Common causes of hypochloremia:

A
  • increased fluid
  • acid base disorders (respiratory acidosis or metabolic alkalosis)
  • meds like bicarbs, loop diuretics, acid suppressants
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33
Q

General info on bicarbs:

A
  • base that is renally regulated

- helps with acid base balance

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34
Q

Common causes of high levels of bicarb:

A
  • hypoventilation
  • vomiting
  • gastric suctioning
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35
Q

Common causes of low levels of bicarb:

A
  • hyperventilation
  • renal failure
  • diarrhea
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36
Q

Function of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN):

A

ratio assess renal function

- BUN:SCr is usually 20:1

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37
Q

Common causes of high levels of BUN:

A
  • increased dietary protein intake
  • prerenal if > 20:1
  • intrinsic renal disease if between 10:1 and 20:1
38
Q

Common causes of low levels of BUN:

A
  • malnutrition
  • liver disease
  • SIADH
39
Q

What is the function of serum creatinine (SCr)?

A

identify renal disorders

40
Q

Common causes of high SCr:

A
  • renal disorders
  • increased protein intake/muscle mass
  • rhabdomyolysis
41
Q

Common causes of low SCr:

A
  • decreased muscle mass

- malnutrition

42
Q

Glucose is used to diagnose or monitor…

A

diabetes

43
Q

Causes of hyperglycemia:

A
  • diabetes
  • high carb intake
  • stress
  • meds like steroids, dextrose IV fluids, and glucagon
44
Q

Causes of hypoglycemia:

A
  • fasting

- meds like insulin and sulfonylureas

45
Q

What is the goal FBG for a patient with diabetes?

A

80-130 mg/dL

46
Q

in the blood, calcium is 50% ____ and 50% ______

A

free and protein bound

47
Q

Function of calcium:

A
  • muscle contraction
  • coagulation
  • bone mineralization
48
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia:

A
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • vitamin D elevation
  • meds like thiazide diuretics and lithium
49
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia:

A
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • renal failure
  • meds like loop diuretics, calcitonin, and bisphophonates
50
Q

Function of phosphorus:

A
  • ATP

- macronutrient metabolism

51
Q

Causes of hyperphosphatemia:

A
  • renal failure
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • bone cancer
52
Q

Causes of hypophosphatemia:

A
  • hyperparathyroidism

- meds like phosphate binding antacids

53
Q

Common causes of hypermagnesemia:

A
  • renal failure

- meds that have magnesium for renal failure patients

54
Q

Symptoms of hypermagnesemia:

A
  • hypotension
  • deep tendon reflex loss
  • respiratory depression
55
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia:

A
  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • malabsorption
  • meds like diuretics
56
Q

Symptoms of hypomagnesemia:

A

cardiac arrhythmias

57
Q

Uric acid came from…

A

purine nucleic acid breakdown

58
Q

Causes of hyperuricemia:

A
  • increased purine production via nephrolithiasis or gout

- meds like thiazide diuretics and salicylates

59
Q

Causes of hypouricemia;

A
  • not important

- meds like allopurinol

60
Q

Complete metabolic panel (CMP) provides…

A

more detailed picture of patient status

  • 14 tests
  • same as BMP, but with liver function and protein tests
61
Q

What are the four liver function tests?

A
  • alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
  • alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
  • aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
  • total bilirubin
62
Q

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP):

A
  • found in liver, bones, and biliary tract

- becomes elevated in liver and bone disease

63
Q

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT):

A
  • mainly in liver

- elevated in liver disease or with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

64
Q

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST):

A

elevated in organ disorders

65
Q

Total bilirubin:

A
  • product of hemoglobin breakdown

- high levels are caused by hemolytic disorders, hepatocellular disease

66
Q

What are the three protein tests?

A
  • total protein
  • albumin
  • pre-albumin
67
Q

Protein tests are good for…

A

evaluating nutrition, liver, and kidney

68
Q

Hyperproteinemia is caused by…

A

dehydration

69
Q

Hypoproteinemia is caused by…

A
  • malnutrition
  • liver disease
  • renal disease
70
Q

Albumin is made in the ____ and used to recognize _____

A

liver, liver impairment

71
Q

Pre-albumin is a faster indicator of…

A

change in nutrition status

72
Q

Causes of leukocytosis:

A
  • infection
  • leukemia
  • stress
  • trauma
  • meds like corticosteroids
73
Q

Causes of leukopenia:

A
  • aplastic anemia
  • hypersplenism
  • meds like chemotherapy and anticonvulsants
74
Q

Neutrophils consists of…

A

segs and bands

75
Q

Out of range neutrophils indicate…

A
  • bacterial infections
  • metabolic disorders
  • stress
76
Q

Out of range lymphocytes indicate…

A
  • viral infections

- leukemia

77
Q

Out of range eosinophils indicate:

A
  • allergic disorders
  • asthma
  • parasitic infections
78
Q

Out of range monocytes indicate…

A
  • chronic infections

- leukemia or lymphoma

79
Q

Out of range basophils indicate…

A
  • hypersensitivity reactions

- inflammation

80
Q

Function of hemoglobin:

A

carry oxygen in RBC

81
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

% of blood volume made up of red blood cells

82
Q

Causes of high levels of hemoglobin:

A
  • severe dehydration
  • intensive exercise
  • smoking
  • lung disorders
83
Q

Causes of low hemoglobin:

A
  • anemias
  • blood loss
  • hemolysis
  • pregnancy
84
Q

Where are platelets produced?

A

bone marrow

85
Q

Causes of thrombocytosis:

A
  • cancer
  • splenectomy
  • chronic inflammatory disorders
86
Q

Causes of thrombocytopenia:

A
  • aplastic anemia

- meds like chemo, heparin, and valproic acid

87
Q

RBCs are produced in the…

A

bone marrow

88
Q

Function of RBCs:

A

carry O2

89
Q

Causes of erythrocytosis:

A
  • high altitudes

- intensive exercise

90
Q

Causes of erythropenia:

A
  • anemias
  • blood loss
  • leukemia

PPS2 (3 decks)

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