Visual System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

takes information from retinal ganglions and send it to the visual cortex
may also send information to other parts of the brain: blindsight

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2
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

regulates wake/dark cycle

sends information to pineal gland

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3
Q

Pretectum

A

controls pupil size

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4
Q

Superior colliculus

A

controls eye movements

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5
Q

Fixation points

A

area of interests the eyes move to

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6
Q

Saccades

A

rapid ballistic movements

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7
Q

smooth pursuit

A

following moving objects

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8
Q

vergence

A

distance adjustments

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9
Q

vestibular-ocular

A

adjustment for head movements

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10
Q

Eye tracking

A

identifies what eyes look at

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11
Q

How is eyetracking useful for neuroscience

A

allows a very precise motor movement
no body movement
can be performed with skull exposed

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12
Q

Optic chiasm

A

where nerves coss

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13
Q

What is the order for when light enters the eye

A

axons cross over in the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate nuclei and then up to the primary visual cortex, then the secondary cortex, and finally the extrastriate cortex

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14
Q

where does information from the left visual field go?

A

the right thalamus and visual cortex

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15
Q

Where does information from upper visual field go?

A

to lower ventral parts of visual cortex

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16
Q

Where does information from central/foveal visual field go?

A

posterior visual cortex

17
Q

How is the LGN organized?

A

in 6 layers

18
Q

Magnocellular cells

A

Layer 1 and 2
Big and fast cells
mainly detects movement and is made up of mostly rods

19
Q

Parvocellular cells

A

Layer 4-6
Small and slow cells
mainly detects colour, patterns,and detail and is made up of mostly cones

20
Q

Koniocellular cells

A

in between layers and receives information from blue cones

21
Q

Which layers are ipsilateral

A

1,4,6

22
Q

Which layers are contralateral

A

2,3,5

23
Q

What’s the point of LGN

A

its the first point where information from both eyes are combined
visual receptive fields grow at this point and thus they get the bigger pictures from all the fields

24
Q

Visual radiation

A

band of tissues leaving the LGN and going to the visual cortex

25
Q

How is the visual cortex divided

A

Primary cortex = V1 = striate cortex
Secondary cortex = V2 = Prestriate cortex
V2, V3, V4, V5/MT = extrastriate cortex

26
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

25% of surface area devoted to the fovea

Receptive fields of cells in this area are larger than LGN and rectangular and organized into layers

27
Q

Where do koniocellular, magnocellular, and parvocellular cells project to?

A

IVa and IVc

28
Q

Simple V1 Cells

A

similar to LGN cells
can detect lines of a specific orientation in a specific location
Monocular

29
Q

Complex V1 cells

A

can detect lines of a specific orientation in any location
binocular but one eye usually dominates
motion sensitive

30
Q

Hypercomplex V1 cells

A

respond to lines in a particular orientation that end in a particular point in the receptive field
some respond to lines of a specific orientation
binocular but usually one eye dominates

31
Q

V1 Columns

A

all the cells in one column have similar receptive field regions, orientations, and dominant eyes
Simple cells are on the surface while complex and hypercomplex cells are deeper within

32
Q

What happens if you examine a row

A

The visual field and the orientation shifts systematically

eye dominance shifts as well

33
Q

What measures colours

A

Blobs which are zones that cover many oriental columns and do not respond to orientation
located in layer 2,3 5,6

34
Q

Module

A

Final level of organization within V1

contains columns of all orientation and a blob

35
Q

How does the brain form these columns/modules?

A

Visual cortex organization depends on experience and is plastic

36
Q

Critical period

A

changes that are often especially relevent for a particular stage in development

37
Q

Ocular dominance

A

relative proportion of columns dominated by open eye

38
Q

Scomata

A

area of poor acuity/detection in visual field

occurs after damage to retina, optic nerve, LGN, or V1

39
Q

Personality scotoma

A

inability to perceive personality traits in themselves that are obvious to others