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Phase 1b - Neurology & Neuroscience > Visual System - Optics > Flashcards

Visual System - Optics Flashcards

1
Q

What exactly is light doing when it reaches a new medium?

A
  • There is partial reflection and refraction (Depending on the angle of incidence and the critical angle of the medium)
    • Incidence > critical angle, there is refraction
    • Incidence = Critical angle, the angle of refraction is 90 degrees
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2
Q

What is refraction?

A

The change in the direction of a wave passing from one medium to another caused by its change in velocity.

The frequency of the wave remains the same.
V = f x wavelength
Given frequency is constant, V is directly proportional to wavelength.

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3
Q

What is a refractive index?

A
  • N = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in a medium
    • n = c/v
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4
Q

What is the refractive index of air?

A
  • 1
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5
Q

What are the 2 types of lenses?

A
  • Convex and concave
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6
Q

What does a converging lens do?

A
  • A converging lens takes light rays and brings them to a focal point
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7
Q

What is a diverging lens?

A
  • Takes light rays and spreads them outward
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8
Q

What is emmetropia?

A
  • No deficiency:
    • Parallel light rays fall on the retina (there is no accommodation)
      • Adequate correlation between axial length and refractive power
      • Does not require correction
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9
Q

What is ametropia?

A
  • Refractive error
    • Mismatch between axial length and refractive power
      • The parallel light rays don’t fall on the retina (no accommodation)

  • Near-sightedness (Myopia)
  • Farsightedness (Hyperopia)
  • Astigmatism
  • Presbyopia
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10
Q

What is myopia?

A
  • Near-sightedness
    • Converge at focal point anterior to the retina
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11
Q

What are the common causes of myopia (2)?

A
  • Excessive long globe (axial myopia)
  • Excessive refractive power (refractive myopia)
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12
Q

What are the common symptoms of myopia (3)?

A
  • Blurred distance vision
  • Squint in an attempt to improve uncorrected visual acuity when gazing into the distance → Headache
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13
Q

How can myopia be treated (3 options)?

A
  • Correcting with diverging lens (negative lens)
  • Correction with contact lens
  • Correction by removing the lens to reduce refractive power of the eye
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14
Q

What is hyperopia?

A
  • Farsightedness (hyperopia) is a common vision condition in which you can see distant objects clearly, but objects nearby may be blurry
  • Parallel rays converge at a focal point posterior to the retina
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15
Q

What is the main causes of hyperopia (2)?

A
  • Excessive short globe (axial hyperopia)
  • Insufficient refractive power (refractive hyperopia)
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16
Q

What are the main symptoms of hyperopia (5)?

A
  • Visual acuity at near tends to blur relatively early.
    • Nature of blur is vary from inability to read fine print to near vision is clear by suddenly and intermittently blur
    • Blurred vision is more noticeable if person is tired, printing is weak or light inadequate.
  • Asthenopic symptoms: eyepain, headache in frontal regions, burning sensation in eyes, blepharoconjunctivitis
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17
Q

How can hyperopia be treated (4 options)?

A
  • Correction with converging lens (Positive lens)
  • Correction with positive lens + cataract extraction
  • Correction with contact lens
  • Correction with intraocular lens
18
Q

What is astigmatism?

A
  • A defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature, which results in distorted images, as light rays are prevented from meeting at a common focus.
  • Parallel rays come to focus in 2 focal lines rather than a single focal point
19
Q

What is the cause of astigmatism?

A
  • Refractive media is not spherical, refract differently along one meridian than along meridian perpendicular to it → Focal points (Punctiform object is is represent as 2 sharply defined lines)

Usually heredity

20
Q

What are the 4 main symptoms of astigmatism?

A
  • Asthenopic symptoms (headache & eyepain)
  • Blurred vision of vision
  • Head tilting and turning
  • Distortion
21
Q

How can astigmatism be treated (2R / 2IR)?

A
  • Regular astigmatism:
    • Cylinder lenses with or without spherical lenses (convex or concave)
    • Surgery
  • Irregular astigmatism:
    • Rigid cylinder lenses
    • Surgery
22
Q

What happens to the pupil in the near response triad?

A
  • Pupillary miosis, the pupil constricts increasing the depth of field of the optics of the eye
23
Q

Which muscles mediate the pupil constriction?

A
  • The circular sphincter pupillae muscles within the iris
24
Q

What is convergence in the near response triad?

A
  • Aligns both eyes towards a new object
  • Both eyes adduct medially at the same time
25
Q

Which muscles mediate the convergence?

A

Medial recti from both eyes

26
Q

What is accommodation in the near response triad?

A
  • Increases the refractive power of the lens for near vision
27
Q

Which muscles mediate the accomodation?

A

Circular Ciliary Muscle

28
Q

What is presbyopia?

A
  • The natural occurring loss of accommodation (focus for near objects)
    • The lens looses its elasticity
29
Q

What is the average age of onset for presbyopia?

A
  • 40 years
30
Q

Which type of vision is intact in presbyopia?

A
  • Distant vision
31
Q

How can presbyopia be treated (2)?

A
  • Reading glasses with extra-refractive power for near vision
  • Convex glasses in near vision:
    • Bifocal
    • Trifocal
    • Progressive power glasses
    • Reading glasses
32
Q

Which type of lenses can be used to correct presbyopia (4)?

A
  • Monofocal lenses
    • Spherical lenses
    • Cylindrical lenses
  • Multi-focal lenses
33
Q

What are the advantages to using contact lenses (2)?

A
  • Higher quality of optical image and less influence on the size of retinal image than spectacle lenses
  • Indication:
    • ​Cosmetic
    • Athletic activities
    • Occupational
    • Irregular corneal astigmatism
    • High anisometropia
    • Corneal disease
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of using contact lenses (2)?

A
  • Careful daily cleaning and disinfection
  • Expense
35
Q

What are the possible complications with using contact lenses (4)?

A
  • Infectious keratitis
  • Giant papillary conjunctivitis
  • Corneal vascularization
  • Severe chronic conjunctivitis
36
Q

What are the possible surgical corrections for presbyopia (2)?

A
  • Keratorefractive surgery: RK, AK, PRK, LASIK, ICR, thermokeratoplasty
  • Intraocular surgery: clear lens extraction (with or without IOL), phakic IOL
37
Q

What surgical correction can be done to correct patients with myopia and astigmatism?

A
  • Staar intra-collamer lens (ICL) is inserted into the eye
38
Q

What are intraocular lenses?

A
  • Replacement of cataract crystalline lens

  • Give best optical correction for aphakia, avoid significant magnification and distortion caused by spectacle lenses
39
Q

What is clear lens extraction and intra ocular lens (IOL)?

A
  • Same as cataract extraction:
  • Lose accommodation (patient will need reading glasses)
    • The natural lens is removed using a phaco tip
    • An artificial intraocular lens is inserted in the position where the natural lens would sit
40
Q

What are the 8 stages of surgical correction of the lens?

A
  1. Pre operative eye
  2. Initial cutting of corneal flap
  3. Cutting of corneal flap
  4. Flipping of corneal flap
  5. Photorefractive treatment (laser)
  6. Corneal stroma reshaped post laser
  7. Corneal flap back in position
  8. Treatment completed
41
Q

Which statement is false for Myopia?
1. May be associated with large globe
2. Light ray converges behind the retina
3. May be associated with increased corneal curvature
4. Unable to see objects clearly at distance without glasses or other optical correction

A

Light ray converges behind the retina

42
Q

In accommodation, which one of the following events does not take place?
1. Relaxation of Circular Ciliary Muscle
1. Relaxation of Zonules
1. Thickening of Lens
1. Increase of Lens Refractive Power

A

Relaxation of Circular Ciliary Muscle

Phase 1b - Neurology & Neuroscience (18 decks)

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