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Phase 1b - Neurology & Neuroscience > Visual System - Eye Movements > Flashcards

Visual System - Eye Movements Flashcards

1
Q

Define duction.

A

Eye Movement in One Eye

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2
Q

Define version.

A

Simultaneous movement of both eyes in the same direction

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3
Q

Define vergence.

A

Simultaneous movement of both eyes in the opposite direction

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4
Q

Define convergence.

A

Simultaneous adduction (inward) movement in both eyes when viewing a near object

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5
Q

What is saccade?

A
  • Rapid, conjugate, eye movement

Short fast, burst up to 900 degrees/second
Voluntary and involuntary

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of saccade?

A
  • Reflexive saccade to external stimuli
  • Scanning saccade
  • Predictive saccade to track objects
  • Memory guided saccade
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7
Q

What is smooth pursuit?

A
  • Sustains slow movement (up to 60 degrees/s)

Driven by motion of a moving target across the retina
Involuntary

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8
Q

What are the six extra-ocular muscles?

A
  • Lateral Rectus
  • Medial Rectus
  • Superior oblique
  • Inferior oblique
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
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9
Q

Which extra-ocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CNIII)?

A
  • Medial rectus
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior Oblique
  • Inferior rectus
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10
Q

Which nerve innervates the superior oblique?

A
  • Trochlear (CNIV) nerve
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11
Q

Which extra-ocular muscle is innervated by the abducens (CNVI) nerve?

A
  • Lateral rectus
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12
Q

What is the function of the superior rectus?

A
  • Elevation of the eyeball
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13
Q

What is the function of the inferior rectus?

A
  • Depression of the eyeball
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14
Q

In what position will the superior rectus elevate the eye maximally?

A
  • Abducted position
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15
Q

What is the function of the lateral / external rectus?

A
  • Abduction of the eyeball

Moves eye toward the outside of the head

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16
Q

What is the function of the medial rectus?

A
  • Adduction of the eyeball

Moves eye toward the middle of the head

17
Q

What is the function of the superior oblique?

A

Moves the eye in a diagonal pattern down and out

  • Attached high on the temporal side of the eye
  • Passes under the Superior Rectus
  • Travels through the trochlea
18
Q

What is the function of the inferior oblique?

A

Elevate and abduct the eye

  • Attached low on the nasal side of the eye
  • Passes over the Inferior Rectus
19
Q

Which muscle raises the eyelid?

A
  • Levator palebrae superioris
20
Q

Which nerve innervates the levator palpebrae superioris?

A
  • Oculomotor nerve
21
Q

Which specific nerve innervates the superior rectus muscle?

A
  • The superior oculomotor nerve
22
Q

Which specific nerve innervates the medial rectus, inferior rectus and the inferior oblique?

A
  • Inferior oculomotor nerve
23
Q

Which position is the lateral rectus muscle best tested?

A
  • In the abducted position
24
Q

Which position is the medial rectus best tested?

A
  • In the adducted position
25
Q

Which position is the superior rectus best tested in?

A
  • Elevated and abducted position
26
Q

Which position is the inferior rectus best tested in?

A
  • Depressed and abducted position
27
Q

Which position is the inferior oblique best tested in?

A
  • Elevated and adducted
28
Q

Which position is the superior oblique best tested in?

A
  • Depressed and adducted
29
Q

Which muscles assist with convergence?

A
  • Medial recti
30
Q

What is the eye movements in a patient with third nerve palsy?

A

Down & Out

Unopposed superior oblique innervated by fourth nerve (down)
Unopposed lateral rectus action innervated by sixth nerve (out)

31
Q

What happens to the eyelid in a third nerve palsy?

A
  • Ptosis, drooping of the eye lid as the levator palpebrae superioris is affected
32
Q

Which extra-ocular muscles are not affected in a third nerve palsy?

A

Superior oblique and lateral rectus

33
Q

Which nerve is affected in a sixth-nerve palsy?

A
  • Lateral rectus
34
Q

What happens to eye movements in a sixth nerve palsy?

A
  • Affected eye is unable to abduct and thus deviates inwards
35
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

Oscillatory movement of the eye

36
Q

What is an optokinetic nystagmus?

A

Smooth pursuit + Fast phase reset saccade

37
Q

Which eye reflex is useful when testing the visual acuity in pre-verbal children?

A

Optokinetic nystagmus reflex

Observes the presence of nystagmus movement in response to moving grating patterns of various spatial frequencies

38
Q

What is the optokinetic nystagmus reflex?

A
  • Opto-kinetic Nystagmus is a form of physiological nystagmus, triggered by the presentation of a constantly moving grating pattern
  • The eyes track along the grating motion, with smooth pursuit up to a limit, and resets the eye position to the centre, with a burst of fast saccade motion
  • This results in cycles of slow phase smooth pursuit, alternating with fast phase reset saccade in the opposite direction

Phase 1b - Neurology & Neuroscience (18 decks)

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