Visual System

Question 1

Wavelength of light determaines what?

Answer 1

color

Question 2

Intensity of light determines what?

Answer 2

Brightness

Question 3

The pupil changes shape for what?

Answer 3

Sensitivity and Acuity

Question 4

What two things make up the convex lens of the eye?

Answer 4

Cornea and Lens

Question 5

What do the ciliary muscles do? What is this process called?

Answer 5

Shape the lens to fix light on the retina in a process called accommodation
Remember that the cornea is fixed in shape

Question 6

Shape of the lens for far objects

Answer 6

flat

Question 7

Shape of the retina for near objects

Answer 7

bent

Question 8

Binocular Disparity

Answer 8

Discovering the position of an object by seeing the difference in the object’s position in the varying points in both eyes

Question 9

5 cell types from bottom to top of the retina

Answer 9

1. Receptors
2. Horizontal cells
3. Bipolar
4. Amacrine
5. Retinal ganglion

Question 10

What is visual completeion?

Answer 10

Filling in blind spots by interpreting the info surrounding the blind spot

Question 11

What cell types exclusively comprises the fovea?

Answer 11

Cones

Question 12

Duplex theory of vision

Answer 12

Rods and cones serve two different kinds of vision

Question 13

Rod cells function

Answer 13

high sensitivity, low acuity, not color (nighttime focused)

Question 14

Cone cells function

Answer 14

low sensitivity, high acuity, color (daytime focused)

Question 15

Three types of cones based on photonic level

Answer 15

Red (long wavelengths)
Green (mid-range wavelengths)
Blue (short wavelengths)

Question 16

Component (trichromatic) theory

Answer 16

Color is seen by the level of activity in the three cone types

Question 17

Opponent-process theory

Answer 17

Color is seen by contrasts between opposing colors

Question 18

If the fovea is so small, why do we not see so little?

Answer 18

Eye movement

Question 19

How does visual transaction work in the rods?

Answer 19

In the light, light bleaches the sodium channels which hyper polarizes the rod cells and causes little glutamate to be released. In the dark, the opposite process occurs.

Question 20

How do retinal ganglion cells create a stronger signal?

Answer 20

Push-pull
When light shines near the center of the cell, it is activated, but when in the periphery, it is not activated, but the both cases the cells undergo a process. Both off and on carry meaning. This is called center-surround.
When glutamate is not relayed, the off ganglion likes this and fire, when glutamate is relayed, the on ganglion cells likes this and fires – this is how visual signals get translated to the brain.

Question 21

What path does info from the visual field follow to the primary visual cortex?

Answer 21

Left field of both eyes combine at the optic chiasm and go to the right primary visual cortex, and vice versa.

Question 22

Where is the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus?

Answer 22

Thalamus

Question 23

P cells

Answer 23

Top 4 layers
Detail and stills
Cones
Color
Parvocellular path (what)

Question 24

M cells

Answer 24

large
bottom 2 layers
no color
motion
rods
magnocellular path (where)

Question 25

Layer 4c of the primary visual cortex

Answer 25

input alpha (M cells) and beta (P cells)

Question 26

What layer of the primary visual cortex does cortical processing start?

Answer 26

4b

Question 27

Review the visual damage chart

Answer 27

In notes

Question 28

What cells construct the upper 4 layers of the primary visual cortex? What do these cells detect?

Answer 28

Simple cells
location and orientation

Question 29

How are simple cells constructed in their inputs?

Answer 29

The convergence of three cells with center-surround style

Question 30

At what layer are signals from the two eyes combined?

Answer 30

Beyond layer 4

Question 31

Do P or M cells’ signals stay in the primary visual cortex?

Answer 31

P cells stay

Question 32

Which cells manage color?

Answer 32

blobs

Question 33

Which cells use the dorsal stream, P or M?

Answer 33

P
Dorsal is what
M is ventral
Ventral is where