Visual-Spatial Attention Flashcards
two early researchers on visual spatial attention and their findings
Hermann von helmoltz 1867 - spotlight attention, covert
Posner 1980 the spatial cuing paradigm - responses were faster for valid, cued trials than invalid or neutral, showed BENEFIT for the former, and COST for the latter
2 types of evidence that visual spatial attention improves perception of visual stimuli
-SIGNAL DETECTION PARADIGMS - Hawkins et al 1990
increased perceptual sensitivity for cued vs non cued stimuli.
-Evidence from ERPs/Single cell recordings: in monkeys Moran&Desimone 1985. In humans, ERPs showed increase in amplitude for occipital p1 and n1 components. Mangun 1993 suggested that P1 is in ventral stream, the route out of v1 specialised for object recognition; and N1 in dorsal stream.
Objects are made of features, which model seeks to explain how we combine these features together to recognise objects and describe it
Treisman&Galade 1980 = Feature Integration Theory. Says that spatial attention is necessary to combine features. Based on Visual search Paradigms.
Describe the visual search paradigm by treisman & galade 1980 and findings
This paradigm involves identifying a target that is presented at different locations. FEATURE SEARCH condition or CONJUNCTION SEARCH condition. Feature search = stimuli has one distinct feature, it pops out. Conjunction = it shares features with the distractors, no pop out.
Feature search was found unaffected by set size, but not conjunction search. Thus, feature search = PARALLEL search and conjunction = SERIAL search.
Cite one evidence supporting the feature integration theory
LETTER SEARCH paradigms = it is the presence of a unique feature that drives parallel processing, not the absence of it. Treisman 1995
Cite two evidence against the feature integration theory
Nakamayan&Silverman 1986 = found parallel processing in conjunction search
DUNCAN 1984 = there seems to be an object based attention where attention is directed to objects rather than spatial location.
What is the guided search model and by who
An alternative model to feature integration views by WOLFE 1998 = proposed to look at search slopes to determine if processing is efficient rather than looking at parallel vs serial processing.
