Visual/Sensory

Question 1

risk factors for cataracts

Answer 1

-older age
-eye trauma
-congenital risk (i.e. premature baby)
-DM
-chronic corticosteroid use
-smoking
-ETOH

Question 2

how do cataracts present?

Answer 2

-blurry vision
-halo around lights
-altered color perception
-glare at night
-decreased accommodation

Question 3

diabetic retinopathy pathophys

Answer 3

capillary microaneurysms, retinal swelling, and hard exudate deposits in the retina -> macular edema (leaking vessels)->capillaries rupture = “dot or blot” hemorrhaging

Question 4

difference between proliferative and nonproliferative retinopathy

Answer 4

nonproliferative changes + new leaky, fragile blood vessel formation

Question 5

what is the treatment for hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer 5

treatment of HTN

Question 6

what happens in hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer 6

HTN creates blockages in retinal blood vessels ->sustained, can cause swelling of optic disc and nerve-> sudden visual loss

Question 7

Risk factors for retinal detachment

Answer 7

-myopia (near sightedness)
-over 40
-head trauma
-eye tumor
-cataract surgery

Question 8

risk factors for macular degeneration

Answer 8

-UV light exposure
-family hx
-genetics
-hyperopia (far sightedness)
-smoking
-light-colored eyes

Question 9

What is protective against macular degeneration?

Answer 9

dark leafy greens

Question 10

macular degeneration manifestations

Answer 10

-blurred, darkened vision
-blind spots (scotomas)
-distorted vision (metamorphopsia)

Question 11

risk factors for open angle glaucoma

Answer 11

-elevated IOP
-older age
-AA 3-4x increased risk
-family history
-myopia
-DM
-HTN
-migraines

Question 12

what happens in open-angle glaucoma?

Answer 12

abnormal trabecular meshwork ->reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of schlemm = imbalance of inflow and outflow

Question 13

how does open angle glaucoma present?

Answer 13

-NONE USUALLY
-progressive loss of sight
vague eye pain
-halos around lights
-tunnel vision

Question 14

names for closed angle glaucoma

Answer 14

-acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG)
-narrow-angle glaucoma

Question 15

what happens with closed-angle glaucoma?

Answer 15

-abnormal angle between iris and cornea ->outflow of eye liquid via canal of schlemm is blocked when pupil is dilated

Question 16

closed-angle glaucoma risk factors

Answer 16

-asian american ethnicity
-females
-hyperopia (far sightedness)
-family hx
-older age

Question 17

is acute angle-closure glaucoma an emergency?

Answer 17

YES

Question 18

What triggers acute angle-closure glaucoma?

Answer 18

anticholinergic drugs

Question 19

what are manifestations of acute closed-angle glaucoma?

Answer 19

-SEVERE eye pain
-n/v
-blurry vision
-halos
-reddened eyes
-dilated pupils-nonreactive to light
-cloudy cornea

Question 20

how does glaucoma cause blindness?

Answer 20

increased IOP ->dec. blood flow to optic nerve ->nerve dealth -> blindness

Question 21

what is the treatment for acute angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 21

SURGERY

Question 22

timolol

Answer 22

-nonselective beta blocker
-blocks sympathetic nervous system stimulation of beta receptors -> dec. aqueous humor secretion
-used for open-angle maintenance
-acute angle closure crisis (drops ASAP & surgery)

Question 23

betaxolol

Answer 23

-selective B1 receptor blocker
-blocks sympathetic nervous system stimulation of of beta receptors -> dec. AH production
-open-angle glaucoma maintenance
-acute angle closure (drops ASAP & surgery)

Question 24

contraindications for timolol and betaxolol

Answer 24

-asthma
-COPD
-sinus brady
-HF

Question 25

latanoprost (xalatan)

Answer 25

-prostaglandin analog
-inc. outlfow drainage of AH
TX:
-open angle glaucoma maintenance
-ocular HTN