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NUR 326 > visual & sensory > Flashcards

visual & sensory Flashcards

1
Q

define cataracts

A

cloudy lens.
gradual onset of painless blurry vision.
if left untreated, may end in blindness.

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2
Q

cataracts: risk factors

A

Older age
Eye trauma
Congenital risk
Diabetes
Corticosteroid use
Smoking and ETOH consumption

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3
Q

Cataract manifestations

A

Painless
Uni- or bilateral vision changes
Blurry
Halo around lights
Altered color perceptions
Glare issues at night
Decreased accommodation

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4
Q

treatment of cataracts

A

surgery

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5
Q

Diabetic retinopathy: nonproliferative retinopathy

A

Capillary microaneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudate
Macular edema- plasma leaks from macular blood vessels
Capillaries rupture, leading to “dot or blot” hemorrhaging

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6
Q

Diabetic retinopathy: proliferative retinopathy

A

Advanced retinopathy
New blood vessels are fragile and leaky

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7
Q

hypertensive retinopathy

A

Etiology: high BP creates blockages in retinal blood vessels.
Initially there no vision changes
Sustained, severe HTN can cause sudden visual loss related swelling of the optic disc and nerve.
Normal vision is restore with treatment of the HTN

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8
Q

define detached retina

A

Retina has a tear or leak.
Vitreous humor flows behind the retina.
Rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid.
Usually spontaneous.

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9
Q

who is most likely to have a detached retina?

A

people who have myopia.
Over 40.
Traumas to the head: Eye tumors, Complication or history of cataract surgery

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10
Q

Clinical manifestations of detached retina

A

SUDDEN, unilateral vision loss
Painless
May see floaters
Flashes of light

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11
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness
cant see far away

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12
Q

Age related macular degeneration

A

Most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60 in the US

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13
Q

2 types of Age related macular degeneration

A

Dry (non-exudative)- most common, 90% of cases
Wet (exudative)- only 10%

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14
Q

etiology of Age related macular degeneration

A

retinal aging

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15
Q

risk factors of Age related macular degeneration

A

Family history, genetics, UV light, hyperopia, smoking, light-colored eyes

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16
Q

what food is protective for age related macular degeneration

A

Dark green, leafy vegetables

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17
Q

Dry macular degeneration

A

Yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium

18
Q

wet macular degeneration

A

Growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina

19
Q

manifestations & treatment for age related macular degeneration

A

Early on– usually no symptoms
Later: Blurred, darkened vision, Blind spots (scotomas), Distorted vision (metamorphopsia).
Vision does not improve, treatment is limited, Medications are injected into the eye.

20
Q

glaucoma

A

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) PLUS + Vision changes OR optic nerve damage.
Chronic condition
Usually bilateral eye involvement

21
Q

what are the 2 types of glaucoma?

A

Open-angle
Closed-angle

22
Q

Risk factors of Open-Angle Glaucoma

A

Elevated IOP
Age- older
Race: African-Americans 3-4x higher risk
Family history
Myopia
Diabetes, HTN, migraines

23
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness
inability to see close objects

24
Q

Open-angle glaucoma pathogenesis

A

Abnormal trabecular meshwork.
Reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of Schlemm.
Imbalance between inflow and outflow.
Results in increased IOP and vision problems.

25
Q

Open-angle glaucoma: clinical manifestations

A

None usually
Progressive loss of sight
Vague eye pain
Halos around lights
Tunnel vision

26
Q

Closed-angle glaucoma

A

Much less common
Abnormal angle between the iris and later cornea
Outflow is blocked when the pupil is DILATED

27
Q

closed angle glaucoma is also known as:

A

Acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG)
Narrow-angle glaucoma

28
Q

closed angle glaucoma: risk factors

A

Asian American ethnicity
Females
Hyperopia
Family history
Older age

29
Q

is Acute angle-closure glaucoma an emergency?

A

YES!!
Outcome based on time from onset to treatment

30
Q

What triggers an acute episode of closed angle glaucoma?

A

anticholinergic drugs

31
Q

Acute closed-angle glaucoma: clinical manifestations

A

Typically UNILATERAL:Other eye is at risk
SEVERE eye pain
Nausea and vomiting
Blurry vision, halos
Reddened eyes
Dilated pupil– non-reactive to light
Cloudy cornea

32
Q

Glaucoma and blindness

A

d/t the increased IOP
More pressure on inner eye structures
Decreased blood flow to optic nerve
Nerve fiber death leads to blindness

33
Q

which drugs decrease AH production

A

timolol
betaxolol
brimonidine

34
Q

which drug increases AH drainage

A

latanoprost

35
Q

timolol- nonselective & betaxolol- B1 receptor blocks

A

Class: Optic-topical beta-blockers
MOA: Block SNS stimulation of beta receptors
SE: Transient burning & discomfort, If allowed to go systemic- can have systemic effects
Contraindications: Same as oral beta-blockers
Therapeutic use: Open-angle glaucoma maintenance treatment, If acute-angle closure– need drops asap and other interventions
Patient teaching: Must take– otherwise will progress to blindness, Apply nasolacrimal pressure with instillation.

36
Q

latanoprost

A

class: Prostaglandin analogs
MOA: increases outflow drainage of aqueous humor
Indications: Open-angle glaucoma, Ocular hypertension
SE: well-tolerated

37
Q

brimonidine

A

class: Alpha-adrenergic agonist
MOA: decreases AH production, may increase drainage/outflow
Indication: Used for open-angle glaucoma & increased IOP
SE: Burning/stinging, Dry mouth, Fatigue, H/A, blurred vision, hypotension

38
Q

dozolamide

A

class: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
MOA: decreased production of aqueous humor
SE: Stinging, Bitter taste, Allergic reactions (conjunctiva or lid reactions)
Second-line treatment: Open-angle and increased IOP

39
Q

meniere disease

A

Endolymphatic hydrops
Episodic disorder of the middle ear
Can be unilateral or bilateral
Excessive endolymph and pressures in the membranes disrupt vestibular (balance) and hearing function

40
Q

CM & treatment of Meniere Disease

A

recurring episodes of vertigo [usually with nausea & vomiting], hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and feeling of fullness
Treatment is symptomatic

NUR 326 (13 decks)

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