Valve disease

Question 1

Aortic Stenosis

Answer 1

blood is unable to flow freely from the left ventricle to the aorta during aortic stenosis.
Often asymptomatic

Question 2

triad of symptoms for aortic stenosis
and other symptoms

Answer 2

1. Syncope
2. light headedness
3. Chest pain

SOB
Pulmonary edema: what would that look like? Sound like? cough, pulmonary congestion, rhonchi crackles.

Question 3

mitral regurgitation

Answer 3

Very loose and the blood flows backward with increased pressures

Question 4

symptoms of mitral regurgitation.

Answer 4

fatigue
SOB

Question 5

infective endocarditis (IE)

Answer 5

can be on any valve.
vegetations on the valves.
can break off during contraction & can travel to other places in the body.

Question 6

Risk Factors for IE

Answer 6

Prosthetic valve
Pacemaker-associated
IVDA: Causative organisms-Streptococcus viridans (S. viridans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis).

Question 7

Symptoms in IE

Answer 7

Fever
Chills
Anorexia
Weight loss
Myalgias: pain in muscles
Arthralgias; joint pain
Heart murmur

Signs of ischemia or infarction of the extremities, spleen, kidney, bowel, or brain may be the initial CM of IE.
Septic emboli can lodge in a cerebral artery or arteriole and cause an ischemic stroke. Neuro symptoms from embolic stroke occur in up to 40% of patients with IE. Patients may also present with meningitis, seizures, encephalopathy, or abscesses of the brain.

Question 8

What Are Septic Emboli in IE?

Answer 8

Microorganisms travel into the heart, adhere to damaged endothelial tissue, and attract WBCs and platelets, which release cytokines and coagulation factors.
Stimulation of the coagulation cascade results in fibrin deposition and, eventually, development of a vegetation.
Vegetations are most commonly found on valve leaflets; fragments of vegetations can embolize into the circulation.
Carried by the bloodstream, these fragments, called septic emboli, can initiate infection or ischemia in remote tissues.

Question 9

Classic Clinical Manifestations of IE: Septic Emboli

Answer 9

Petechiae
Splinter hemorrhages: linear streaks in the nailbeds
Janeway lesions: erythematous, nontender lesions on the palms and soles
Osler’s nodes: subcutaneous nodules in the pulp of the fingertips
Roth spots: oval retinal hemorrhages with pale centers

Question 10

what valve is IE commonly seen on? and why?

Answer 10

tricuspid valve.
because its the 1st valve blood is going through.