Visual Recognition Flashcards
Chicken Pox
Appearance - itchy, red macular spots which become vesicles on scalp, face, trunk, and proximal limbs
Cause - varicella zoster virus
Shingles
Appearance - painful, itchy, blistering rash along a dermatome
Cause - varicella zoster virus
Opthalamic Zoster
Appearance - shingles rash along the ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Cause - herpes zoster virus
Cold Sore
Appearance - blistering lesion
Cause - herpes simplex virus (mainly type 1)
Primary Gingivostomatitis
Appearance - extensive ulcerations around the mouth covered by yellow–grey membranes
Cause - herpes simplex virus
Eczema Herpeticum
Appearance - monomorphic, punched-out lesions
Cause - herpes simplex virus in eczema
Erythema Multiforme
Appearance - target lesions (resembles a bullseye) with erythema
Causes:
- HSV
- Drug reactions
- Some infections eg. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Molluscum Contagiosum
Appearance - raised shiny localised clusters of papules with central dimple and white filling
Cause - molluscum contagiosum virus (poxvirus)
Viral Warts
Appearance - papules with a rough, papillomatous and hyperkeratotic surface
Cause - Human papilloma virus (Types 1-4 of HPV most common in warts/verrucas. Types 6-11 HPV most common in genital warts)
Herpangina
Appearance - painful, blistering rash of back of mouth
Causes - enterovirus (viruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract) eg coxsackie virus and echovirus
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
Appearance - Painful vesicles and ulcers in and around the mouth, red macules and papules on the buttocks, lesions on the feet
Cause - enteroviruses, especially coxsackie viruses
Erythema Infectiosum
Appearance -“slapped cheek” rash
Cause - erythrovirus B19
Orf
Appearance - firm, fleshy nodule on hands of farmers
Cause - virus of sheeps and goats
Folliculitis
Appearance - inflamed hair follicles (tender red spot, often with a surface pustule)
Cause - staphlococcus aureus
Furnunculosis (Boil)
Appearance - deep infection of a hair follicule
Cause - staph aureus
Carbuncle
Appearance - cluster of boils
Cause - staph aureus
Staphlococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome
Appearance - blistering skin, especially in babies
Causes - staph aureus
Impetigo
Appearance - pustules and golden crusted erosions
Cause - Staph aureus
Cellulitis
Appearance - red, hot and painful skin
Cause - mainly staph aureus
Syphilis
Appearance - single painless ulcer at sight of infection
Cause - bacterium treponema pallidum
Lyme Disease
Appearance - red, ring-like rash
Cause - borrelia burgdorferi bacteria
Extreme pain in excess of what would be expected for the size of the rash
Necrotising Fasciitis
Appearance - red skin with extreme pain far in excess of what would be expected for the visible rash
Causes:
- Type I – mixed anaerobes & coliforms, usually post-abdominal surgery
- Type II – Group A Strep infection
Tinea
Appearance - red ring with healed centre
Causes - mainly trichophyton rubrum
Types:
- Tinea capitis – scalp
- Tinea barbae – beard
- Tinea corporis – body
- Tinea manuum – hand
- Tinea unguium – nails
- Tinea cruris – groin
- Tinea pedis – foot (athlete’s foot)
Candidiasis
Appearance - white patches
Causes - various candida species
Scabies
Appearance - Intensely itchy rash affecting finger webs, wrists & genital area
Cause - sarcoptes scabiei (mites)
Nodular BCC
Appearance - pearly nodule with central depression and telangiectasia, commonly on face
Superficial BCC
Appearance - slightly scaly, irregular plaque with microerrosions, commonly on upper trunk or shoulders
Infiltrative BCC
Appearance - waxy plaque with indistinct boarders, usually midfacial
SCC
Appearance - tender scaly lumps, mainly on sun exposed sites
Bowen’s Disease - SCC in situ
Appearance - red and scaly patch, mostly on lower leg
Actinic Keratosis
Appearance - rough, scaly patch, especially on head and neck
Melenoma
Appearance - irregular, darkly pigmented lesion that may bleed
Actinic Lentigines/Liver Spot
Appearance - Light brown/red/black spots on sun exposed skin
Congenital Melanocytic Naevi
Appearance - abnormally dark, large, noncancerous nevus
Dysplastic Naevi
Appearance - generally >6mm diameter, variegated pigment with border asymmetry
Halo Naevi
Appearance - peripheral halo of depigmentation
Spitz Naevi
Appearance - pink and dome shaped mole in children that can mimic melenoma
Blue Naevi
Appearance - blue mole
Seborrhoeic Keratosis/Basal Cell Papilloma
Appearance - greasy hyperkeratotic surface with “stuck on” appearance
Tuberous Sclerosis
Appearance -
- Ash leaf macule
- Longitudinal ridging in nails
- Facial angiofibromas
- Enamel pitting
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Appearance - fragile skin and digit fusion
Neurofibromatosis Type I
Appearance -
- Café au lait macules
- Neurofibromas – soft neural tumours
- Axillary or inguinal freckling
Chronic Plaque Psoriasis
Appearance - well-delineated red, scaly plaques which are symmetrical and most commmon on extensors (elbow, knee), scalp, sacrum, hands, feet, trunk, nails
Guttate Psoriasis
Appearance - multiple small scaly plaques on the trunk and limbs that look like teardrops
Cause - Often follows an URTI
Onycholysis
Appearance - loosening or separation of a fingernail or toenail from its nail bed
Cause - psoriasis, fungus, injury
Nail Pitting
Appearance - multiple pits in the nails
Cause - psoriasis
Dystrophy
Appearance - changes in nail texture or composition
Causes - psoriasis, trauma, congenital abnormalities, lichen planus, and occasionally cancer
Subungual Hyperkeratosis
Appearance - scaling under the nail
Cause - psoriasis
Koebner Phenomenon
Appearance - psoriasis in areas where the skin has been traumatised
Causes - trauma
Auspitz sign
Appearance - removal of surface scale reveals tiny bleeding points
Cause - psoriasis
Rosacea
Appearance - papules, pustules and erythema with no comedones and prominent facial flushing
Lichen Planus
Appearance - Intensly itchy, shiny, flat topped pink/purple shiny papules and plaques that typically affects volar wrists/ forearms, shins and ankles
Cause - autoimmune condition. Lichen planus-like rash can also be caused by medications (lichenoid drug eruption)
Wickham’s Striae
Appearance - fine lace-like pattern on surface of papules and buccal mucosa (often asymptomatic)
Cause - lichen planus
Bullous Pemphigoid
Appearance - large tense bullae on trunk and proximal limbs
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Appearance - flaccid vesicles/bullae and errosions that typically affects the scalp, face, axillae and groin
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Appearance - blistering, itchy skin rash on knees, elbows, back and buttocks
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Appearance - hives/wheals
Eczema/Atopic Dermatitis
Appearance - oedema, scale, errosions, lichenification, fissures and generalised dry skin (usually flexural distribution)
Discoid Eczema
Appearance - scattered, roundish patches of eczema
Seborrhoeic Dermatitis
Appearance - eczema affecting face, scalp and centre of the chest
Pompholyx Eczema
Appearance - hand/foot eczema characterised by vesicles or bullae
Photosensitive Dermatitis
Appearance - dermatitis on sun exposed areas
Stasis Dermatitis
Appearance - itchy red, blistered and crusted plaques, or dry fissured and scaly plaques on one or both lower legs + “Champagne bottle” shape of lower leg (narrowing at the ankles) and induration (lipodermatosclerosis)
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
Appearance - tender yellowish brown patches on the shin
Cause - insulin dependant diabetes
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Appearance - rapidly enlarging, very painful ulcer with purple hue
Causes - rheumatoid, IBD etc
Pityriasis Rosea
Appearance - a single pink or red oval patch of scaly skin, called the “herald patch”, usually appears at least 2 days before a more widespread rash which is made of red, scaly patches
Pityriasis Versicolor
Appearance - flaky discoloured patches on the chest and back
Cause - yeast infection
Pitted Keratolysis
Appearance - whitish skin and clusters of punched-out pits
Cause - bacterial infection
