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BOARDS2: Visual and human development > visual processing testing > Flashcards

visual processing testing Flashcards

1
Q

what eye movements are tested with the DEM

A

saccades

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2
Q

saccades

A

rapid yoked eye movements that move the fovea to an object of interest. they are used during reading tasks to may be initiated by sudden visual, auditory, or peripheral stimulus. The DEM evaluates this

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3
Q

DEM

A
  • patient is asked to call off a series of numbers as fast as he can without using a finger to hope with tracking
  • the first series of numbers are arranged in vertical columns and tests the patients ability to automatically call off numbers (random automaticity of naming (RAN)). The Sedona series of numbers are arranged in horizontal columns to assess RAN + saccades
  • The patient’s response time and number of errors for each series are recorded and used to calculate an adjusted horizontal/vertical time ratio that taken into account errors. This ratio is compared to normative values to determine whether saccades are impaired.
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4
Q

tests for saccades

A

DEM, NSUCO test, and King Devick test

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5
Q

DEM scores

A

a low horizontal/vertical time ratio on DEM testing is considered good. Any score below the 50% percentile is considered abnormal, and any score below the 15% percentile is considered significantly poor

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6
Q

smooth pursuits

A

slow tracking movements that maintain fixation of the five on a moving object. Although they are considered voluntary eye movements, few people can perform smooth pursuits without a moving stimulus. The NSUCO oculomotor test and Groffman tracings can be used to evaluate pursuits

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7
Q

versions

A

are binocular eye movements that result in the visual axes of both eyes moving in the same direction (conjugate). They enlarge the field of view and move the fovea of each eye to an object for fixation

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8
Q

vergences

A

align the visual axes of both eyes to obtain binocular fixation and fusion. They are disconjugate eye movements, meaning that the visual axes of each eye move in opposite directions (convergence, divergence)

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9
Q

ductions

A

monocular rotations or movements of the eye. Remember that abduction moves the eye away from the midline, adduction moves the eye towards the midline, elevation moves the eye up, depression moves the eye down, incycloduction moves the top of the eye inward, and excycloduction rotates the top of the eye outward

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10
Q

VOR

A

stabilizes images on the fovea during brief head movements by producing an eye movement of equal magnitude to the head movement, but in the opposite movement of endolymph within the semicircular canals of the ear during head movement. The VOR does NOT require a visual stimulus (It will occur in response to head movement even if the eyes are closed). Remember after 30 seconds of sustained head movement, the VOR begins to fade and the optokinetic reflex continues the eye movements in response to the continuous head movements

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11
Q

optokinetic reflex

A

stabilizes the image on the fovea duding prolonged head movements > 30s after the VOR response has faded

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12
Q

difference between the optokinetic nystagmus and VOR

A
  • optokinetic reflex is responsible for maintaining an image on the fovea with prolonged head movements >30 seconds when the VOR is no longer active
  • optokinetic nystagmus maintains the image of a moving object on the fovea when the head is still
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13
Q

dyslexia

A

a term that has been applied to a reading disability. It is best described as a cognitive deficit related to the process of spelling and reading. Dyslexia should be applied in two specific situations

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14
Q

Learning related vision problems (LRVPs)

A

broadly categorized as deficiencies in visual efficiency nd visual information processing

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15
Q

visual efficiency

A

basic visual physiological processes that allow the patient to see comfortably and clearly and include refractive error, accommodation, vergence, and motility. Visual efficiency deficits account for 15-20% of all LVRPs and most commonly involves accommodative dysfunction and convergence insufficiency

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16
Q

VIP

A

the ability to discriminate, recognize, and interpret visual stimuli. It incorporates visual spatial orientation, visual analysis, rapid naming (quickly recognizing a visual signal), and executive functions (the brain processing necessary to accomplish goal-directed behavior). VIP deficits account for 20% of all LRVPs and are considered developmental in etiology

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17
Q

what is a good test to detect LRVPs

A

Denver

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18
Q

VIP skills

A

directionality, visual motor integration, bilateral integration, and fine-motor coordination are all classified as visual information processing skills

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19
Q

visual spatial skills

A

bilateral integration
laterality
directionality

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20
Q

bilateral integration

A

visual spatial skill

-awareness and ability to use both sides of the body independently or together

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21
Q

laterality

A

visual spatial skill

-understanding ones own R and L

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22
Q

directionality

A

visual spatial skill

-ability to distinguish between L and R on an object in space

23
Q

signs and symptoms of visual spatial problem

A

lack of coordination and balance, not knowing R from L, reversing letters when writing

24
Q

testing for visual spatial provlems

A
  • bilateral integration tests: standing test (body control), chalkboard circle test, standing angles in the snow
  • laterality: Piaget’s RL awareness test
  • Directionality: Jordan LR reversal test, reversals frequency test, Piaget’s LR awareness test
25
Q

visual analysis skills

A

aka visual perception

  • involve gathering and evaluating visual information from the environment, allowing us to ask “what am I seeing, Where is it located, and why is it important?”
  • describes the ability to use visual memory to identify objects in the environment when certain characteristics are missing or when distracting objects are present. Visual analysis skills are important for letter and number recognition, mathematics, maintaining concentration, and competing tasks efficiently.
26
Q

categories of visual perception

A 
visual discrimination 
visual closure 
visual form constancy 
visual figure ground 
visual spatial relations 
visual memory
27
Q

visual discrimination

A

the ability to identify features of an object (size shape color) that differentiate it from other objects

28
Q

visual closure

A

the ability to identify an object when portions of it are missing v

29
Q

visual form constancy

A

the ability to identify an object based on its shape, even when the size, color, or orientation of the object changes

30
Q

visual figure ground

A

the ability to identify an object from background with distracting stimuli, while still attending to the interaction between the object and the background

31
Q

visual spatial relations

A

the ability to identify an object based on its orientation when its surrounding by other objects of similar shape, size, and color

32
Q

visual memory

A

the ability to recall visual objects that were previously present

33
Q

signs and symptoms of visual perception problems

A

difficulty learning the alphabet or recognizing words, difficult writing, poor number recognition, difficulty with math, poor reading comprehension, and short attention span

34
Q

tests for visual perception

A

TVPS (test of visual perpetual skill)
MFVP (Motor free vision perception tests)
DTVP (development test of visual perception)

35
Q

visual attention and processing skills

A

describes the ability to attend to a single object for sustained periods of time, as well as the ability to shift attention between multiple objects. Visual attention is closely tied to visual processing, which describes the ability to perceive and analyze an object to create an image of the object in the mind

36
Q

4 main categories of VIP

A

visual spatial skills
visual analysis
visual attention and processing skills
visual motor integration skills

37
Q

signs and symptoms of problems with visual attention and processing skills

A

easily distracted, slow reading speed, difficulty completing written assignments, difficulty attending to homework, and decreased reading comprehension

38
Q

tests for visual attention and processing skills

A

symbol digit modalities

children’s color trials test

39
Q

visual motor integration skills

A

visual motor integration describes the ability to use the visual processing information to direct fine motor movements (typically hand skills such as writing typing). visual motor integration involves visual analysis )receiving the characteristics of an object), visual conceptualization (reconstructing the image in the mind), and fine motor control (eye hand coordination)

40
Q

signs and symptoms of visual motor integration skills

A

difficulty copying from the board during school, poor spacing of letters/words, significantly rotating the paper when writing, poor spelling when writing, and difficulty organizing mathematical columns of numbers

41
Q

tests for visual motor integration skills

A

DTVM (Beery)
wold sentence copy test
test of visual motor skills

42
Q

Piaget’s RL awareness test

A

assesses a child ability to distinguish R or L on himself and out in space. There are 5 subsections
A: show me your R and L hand
B: show me my R/ L, nad/leg
C: R vs left with coin and pencil

43
Q

Jordan LR reversal test

A

determines how well children ages 5-18 can identify reversed images, letters, numbers, and sequences of letters (both in isolation and within text).

44
Q

tests for visual spatial skills

A

Piagets

Jordans

45
Q

tests for visual analysis skills

A

TVPS-3
MVPT-4
DTVP-3

46
Q

Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS)

A

ages 4-18. It assess visual perceptual abilities without integrating motor abilities (motion is notrewuried to make a response). Items are presented in multiple choice format, and responses can be made vocally or by pointing to the answer choice format, and responses can be made vocally or by pointing to the answer choice. It contains 112 black and white designs (16 designs for each of the7 subsections). Each subset starts with 2, non scored examples, followed by 16 test items arranged in order of increasing difficulty

47
Q

subsections of TVPS

A 
visual discrimination 
visual memory 
spatial relationships 
form constancy 
sequential memory 
visual figure ground 
visual closure
48
Q

Motor free visual perception test (MVPT)

A

assesses visual perceptual skills in children and adults ages 4-80. Contains 45 black and white dragons within 5 subsections. No copying or other motor skills are required to make a response. there are no ceilings for responses when scoring each subset

49
Q

subsections of MVPT

A 
spatial relationships 
visual discrimination 
figure ground 
visual closure 
visual memory
50
Q

DTVP

A

assessment of visual perception and visual motor abilities

ages 4-12

51
Q

subsets of DTVP

A 
eye hand coordination 
copying 
figure ground 
visual closure 
form constancy
52
Q

tests for visual motor integration

A

Beery (developmental test of visual motor integration)
Wold
TVMS

53
Q

treatment of VIP deficits

A

involves in office and at home vision therapy. VT is aimed at improving the rate of visual information processing. Home therapy reinforces skill learned during office therapy, and should be performed 4-5days/week for 20-30m each session. Occupational therapists and teachers may also need to be involved

BOARDS2: Visual and human development (3 decks)

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