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BOARDS2: Visual and human development > Developmental Milestones > Flashcards

Developmental Milestones Flashcards

1
Q

According to the AOA, when should an infant his first eye exam

A

6 months
3 years
and prior to starting school

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2
Q

Resolution visual acuity reaches adult levels by what age

A

3-5 years

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3
Q

on average, a child is supposed to start walking

A

12 months

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4
Q

treatment for a baby with intermittent eye turns

A

remember that door the first 2 months of life, the eyes are not always working together, and infantile ts may have an ocular deviation that is present for short periods of time. In this case, Bruckerns, CT, versions, and the Hirschberg test did not show any abnormalities or asymmetry between the eyes. Thus the infant has a normal short term ocular deviation that will resolve with age. The infants parents should be educated to watch for an increase in frequency of the eye turn, especially if the same eye always turns

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5
Q

NLDO

A

may be congenital or acquired in nature. Congenital NLDO most often occurs due to membranous blockage of the valve of hasner. This usually spontaneously opens 1-2 months after birth. Conservative treatment (massage and erythromycin) for the first 6-13m of age. If spontaneous resolution of the blockage does not occur, nasolacrtimal duct probing is indicated

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6
Q

concerning ocular signs in an infant

A 
excessive tearing
red, crusty eyelids
constant eye turn 
white pupil 
extreme photophobia
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7
Q

average refractive error and VA in newborns

A

+2.00D (+/- 0.75) and 20/600

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8
Q

astigmatism and newborns

A

average of 2.00D ATR at 6 months

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9
Q

emmetropization

A

after birth this occurs, where the eye loses 30D of power to reach a refractive state of emmetropia.

describes the processes that occur in the eye after birth to reach a refractive state of emmetropia. These processes include increasing the axial length from an average of 16mm (90D) in the newborn to 24mm (60D) in an adult, and decreasing the power of the cornea and lens. Typically stops around 18m of age

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10
Q

abnormal hyperopia for infants

A

> 3.50D

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11
Q

abnormal amount of hyperopia for 1-7yo

A

> +2.00D

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12
Q

abnormal amount of hyperopia for 8-12yo

A

> +1.50D

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13
Q

spatial VA is usually ____ by 1 year

A

20/50-20/60

does not reach adult levels until about 3-5 years of age.

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14
Q

resolution acuity can be measured using

A

OKN, teller acuity cards, or VEP

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15
Q

Vernier acuity

A

ability to detect a misalignment of two lines. It is the slowest type of visual acuity to develop and does not reach adult levels until 6-8 years of age

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16
Q

what tests can be performed for infants and toddlers (birth to3m)

A

teller, cyclo ret, near ret, Krimsky/Hirschberg, Bruckerns, versions, palpation IOPs, 20D lens and penlight for AS exam

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17
Q

what tests can be performed for preschool age kids

A

lea chart, HOTV, broken wheel, Allen pictures, american optical pictures, landolt C, tumbling E

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18
Q

age of maturity for CFF ( temporal vision)

A

4 m

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19
Q

age of maturity for scotopic luminosity

A

4-7 m

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20
Q

age of maturity for ptohotpic luminosity

A

4m

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21
Q

age of maturity for accommodation

A

3m

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22
Q

age of maturity for vergences

A

6m

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23
Q

age of maturity for pursuits/saccades

A

4-6m

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24
Q

age of maturity for stereo

A

6m

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25
Q

age of maturity for contrast

26
Q

age of maturity for color vision

27
Q

age of maturity for grating acuity

28
Q

age of maturity for vernier acuity

29
Q

survival reflexes

A
  • suckling reflex-when anobjepct is inserted into the mouth, the baby starts sucking on it. This is necessary for the baby to feed and is involuntary until 2m
  • rooting reflex-if you stroke the newborns cheek, he will turn his head in the same direction as the cheek and open his mouth
30
Q

non survival reflexes in newborn

A 
palmar grasp 
babinski reflex 
plantar grasp 
placing 
stepping 
fencing
31
Q

any infants who demonstrate primitive reflexes after the age of _____ should be tested further for developmental delays

32
Q

motor development: 5m

A

raise their head from a lying position and are able to roll over onto their back from their stomach

33
Q

motor development: 7m

A

start to creep. They also transition to the pincer grasp

34
Q

motor development: 9-10m

A

infants start to crawl (moving on theoir hands and knees) and cruise (can walk a few steps if holding onto furniture

35
Q

motor development: 12m

A

walking on own, throw items with good release, turn pages of book, hold a spoon, and build a tower with 2 blocks

36
Q

motor development: 15m-2y

A

walk backwards, climb up and down stairs if someone holds their hand, jump, and scribble on paper

37
Q

motor development: 2y

A

walk up stairs on their own with two feet on one step, run faster, open doors, kick a ball, and build a tower with 7 blocks

38
Q

motor development: 3y

A

can manipulate buttons and scissors, walk up the steps like an adult, build a tower with 10 blocks, and draw a circle.

39
Q

motor development: 5y

A

copy a circle (3 yrs), a cross (3.5y), a square (4y), and a triangle (5yr)

40
Q

motor development: 6y

A

begin to vary. some develop skills for specific sports, while others develop fine motor skills to play instruments

41
Q

4 stages of cognition

A
  1. sensorimotor stage (birth to 2y)
  2. pre-opreational stage (2-7y)
  3. concrete operations stage (7-12y)
  4. formal operations stage (12y and >)
42
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth to 2y
the Childs cognitive understanding is shaped by his immediate experiences

  1. birth to 1m: primitive
  2. primary circular reaction: repeating behavior that has something happen by chance with own body
  3. secondary circular reaction: repeat behavior on external object to understand consequences
  4. coordination of schemes: appreciates consequences from certain behavior and mimics people. goal oriented behavior
  5. tertiary circular reactions: understands cause and effect relationships
  6. Beginnings of symbolic thought: create memories and can also solve problems cognitively

object permanency occurs at the end of this stage.

43
Q

pre-opreational stage

A

2-7 y

  • understand object permanency
  • new language
  • egocentrism
  • sense and time
  • conservation (quantity does not change if shape changes)
  • reversibiltiy
44
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-12y

more understanding of conservation and reversibility
understand multiple aspects of an object
do not think in abstracts
less egocentric

45
Q

formal operations stage

A

12y and >

abstract reasoning and more logical thoughts

46
Q

emotional development

A

closely linked to social development. they must first learn to show their own emotions before they can learn to react and HOW to react to emotions of others in different situations. Developing relationships first with caregivers and then with other non family members, furthers the emotional development of infants as they transition into toddlers when they learn the rules and values of society that govern emotions and relationships.

47
Q

emotional development: 3m

A

smile at human faces

immediate emotional reactions to current situations

48
Q

emotional development: 4-5m

A

smile only at faces they recognize, they will not smile at strangers. By this stage, tinfants have begun to develop a sense of self, allowing them to develop strong relationships with caregivers that they now recognize are separate from themselves

49
Q

emotional development: 10m

A

learned to moderate their emotions instead of responding immediately to a certain situations
learn how to interact with caregivers by signaling or gesturing to them

50
Q

emotional development: 2 yr

A

secondary emotions: beyond anger, fear, surprise, and joy

shame and defiance

51
Q

emotional development: 5y

A

controlling impulses
appropriate behavior
comply to parents wishes
gender roles

52
Q

emotional development: 6-12y

A

sense of competence and feelings of success. Peer interaction very important at this stage and almost rivals the importance of family
loyal friendship development

53
Q

premature

A

less than 35 weeks

54
Q

low birth weight

A

less than 5.5lbs

55
Q

denver II

A

social personal
fine motor
gross motor function
language

56
Q

batelle

A

another common screening test for developmental delays

57
Q

3m

A

looks at face, follows moving objects

started by loud sounds, smiles at familiar voices, turns head towards sound

hands open and close, lifts head and chest when placed on stomach

excited by happy stimuli

58
Q

6m

A

palmar grasp, reaches for small objects

single syllable words

grabs own feet, rolls from front to back, Sits alone

takes everything to mouth. response to others emotions

59
Q

1 yr

A

pincer grasp between forefinger and thumb. looks for missing toys

understands several words, imitates sounds

crawls on belly and begins to walk. Pulls self up to stand

cries when mom and dad leaves. show preference for people toys etc

60
Q

2y

A

scribbles, can draw line, builds tower out of blocks, starting to use one hand over the other

points to objects when named
know s several words by 18m

kicks a ball and begins to run. climbs up and down furniture, walks alone

bladder control during the day. enjoys other children. defiance

61
Q

3y

A

copies a circle, knows colors

knows name, age, sex. Asks lots of questions, speaks in sentences

run, jump, stand on one foot

imitates adults and playmates, eats with utensils

62
Q

4y

A

copies cross and square , can draw people

understands the concept of same and different. knows rules of grammar, tells stories

skips, runs, and plays games

cooperates with other kids, understands rules, more independent

BOARDS2: Visual and human development (3 decks)

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