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Brain And Cogntion > Visual Perception Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Visual Perception Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the film matrix theoretically possible?

A

-Systematic simulation of your sense organs could create plausible virtual life, that would be indistinguishable from living in the real physical world.

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2
Q

How does the visual brain infer the presence of an occluding contour such as the white kanisza triangle?

A

From occlusion cues

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3
Q

Can the visual brain construct things in our conscious experience that are not there in the physical world?

A

Yes. The Brain constructs our visual and conscious experience in specific ways

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4
Q

How does your brain construct representations?

A

Light projects an image onto your retina, and your visual brain ‘interprets’ the retinal image, and creates a representation

Visual experience is the representation.

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5
Q

What is a percept?

A

Visual and sensory experiences.

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6
Q

Is perception an active or passive process?

A

It is an active complex process and not just a passive system registering the world.

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7
Q

What is a sensory modality?

A

A dedicated subset of the nervous system that responds to specific physical inputs.

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8
Q

What are sensory systems that inform us about the external world called?

A

Exteroception

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9
Q

What sensory systems give us information about what happens within the body?

A

Proprioception

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10
Q

How are sensory systems bounded?

A

Certain physical inputs such as light being to bright or sound being out of range force us to make assumptions which hinders our ability to capture the physical aspects of the outside world, narrowing the window of the portion of reality we can process properly.

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11
Q

How does sensory systems being bounded affect us?

A

They force us to make assumptions about how events are connected in order to build a representation of the outside world. Which sometimes can be proven wrong which means perception is deceived by the senses.

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12
Q

How do senses received information?

A
  • sensory neurons (sensors or receptors) pick up each physical property or stimulation into signals interpretable by the brain A.K.A transduction which depends on the type of receptor it is.
  • The signals are then processed by the brain to build a representation
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13
Q

What is a percept?

A

A mental representation of what is perceived.

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14
Q

What is sensation?

A

The basic individual elements of physical stimulation received by receptors.

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15
Q

What is perceptions?

A

The combination of all sensations and information received from all sensors that creates our representation or percept.

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16
Q

What is bottom-up processing?

A

Processing of information that starts at basic sensory information up to more conceptual information.

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17
Q

What does the visual system respond to?

A

Light

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18
Q

What does the auditory system respond to?

A

Vibrations in the air

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19
Q

What does the olfactory system respond to?

A

Concentration of Chemicals in the nose

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20
Q

What does the gustatory system respond to?

A

Concentrations of chemicals in the mouth

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21
Q

What does the tactile receptors respond to?

A

Mechanical deformation of the skin.

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22
Q

What does nociception respond to?

A

Skin damage

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23
Q

What does the vestibular system respond to?

A

Gravity and acceleration of the head

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24
Q

What is interception?

A

Provides the brain of information about what’s going on inside the body.

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25
Q

What is transduction?

A

The conversion of physical energy into action potentials.

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26
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

Part of psychology that plots lawful relationships between the physical world and subjective experience.

Then explains why the laws are like they are in terms of optic and neuroscience.

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27
Q

What is the most basic research program in psychophysics?

A

Determining the detection threshold for receptors(A.K.A Minimum value). In other words what is the minimum strength of a stimulus that we can detect.

28
Q

Are there maximum thresholds with regards to perception?

A

Yes

29
Q

What is a just noticeable difference? (JNDs)

A

How sensitive are the receptors to variations in magnitude.

30
Q

What is the difference between the pedestal stimulus and the test stimulus where a difference is noticed bu the sense?

A

Detection threshold

31
Q

How would a psychologist test for JNDs?

A

Apply pressure on a sense (pedestal stimulus) and then a slight harder one (test stimulus).

Multiple times until the point of performance was above chance which then would determine the JNDs.

32
Q

What is scaling?

A

Quantifying the relationship between stimulus intensity and subjective perception.

How much must the magnitude of a physical stimulus increase so that you have the subjective impression that the stimulus is twice as strong in intensity.

33
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

JND increases with stimulus intensity. This form of scaling is called Weber’s law.

Webers law is intuitive at the extremes.

34
Q

What does Stevens law suggest about the relationship between physical stimulus and sensation?

A

Non linear

35
Q

What did gestalt psychologists suggest about perception?

A

Percept are wholes made of an arrangements of parts but cannot be reduced to the sum of their parts. The arrangement matters.

36
Q

What important feature did gestalt psychologists notice?

A

Perceptually grouped together, and that grouping is lawful rather than arbitrary.

37
Q

What is the figure ground segmentation law developed by the gestalts?

A

It states that perception tends to structure the visual field into two parts: a figure and a ground.

38
Q

What is bistable percepts?

A

Stimuli that can be seen as two different objects and have the ability to switch at will.

39
Q

What is the principle of pragnanz developed by gestalt?

A

-We organise perceptual input so that we perceive the simplest and most stable forms.

40
Q

What is the law of proximity?

A

Perception clusters objects according to their proximity.

E.G. if a set of objects are close to each other and separated from other objects, they will be perceived as an autonomous group

41
Q

What is the law of similarity developed by the gestalts?

A

Similar visual elements will be grouped together.

42
Q

What is the law of closure developed by the gestalts?

A

-perception completes visual elements.

43
Q

What is the law of symmetry developed by the gestalts?

A

We tend to perceive objects as organised around symmetrical axes or centres.

44
Q

What is the law of continuity developed by the gestalts?

A

We tend to perceive objects as forming smooth continuous patterns.

45
Q

How do we perceive our three dimensional world?

A

We use two two dimensional images (as our eyes occupy two different spaces therefore receiving two different images) and the visual system uses cues to perceive depth. The cues are called monocular and binocular cues.

46
Q

What is a monocular cue?

A

Cues from one eye

47
Q

What is binocular cue?

A

Cues from both eyes

48
Q

What three types of monocular cues are important for detecting relative distance between objects?

A
  • Occlusion
  • Texture Gradient
  • Motion Parallax
  • Linear perspective
  • height in the visual field
  • Familiar size
49
Q

What is occlusion?

A

Redefine to the fact if an object hidden by another object it must be behind it.

50
Q

What is texture gradient?

A

Refers to the fact that an objects, such as walls, have a specific texture that changes with distance.

51
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

Refers to the fact that, when you are moving, objects that are closer seem to move faster than objects that are far away.

52
Q

What two binocular cues are important?

A

Binocular disparity and convergence.

53
Q

What is the difference between two images form our eyes called?

A

Disparity

54
Q

What is height in the visual field?

A

Far things are higher in the visual field.

55
Q

What is linear perspective?

A

Parallel lines converge on a vanishing point.

56
Q

What is familiar size?

A

Some things have a standard size, so we can simply assume that is their size, and changes in retinal size are attributable to distance.

57
Q

What does Marrs model describe?

A

A process of object recognition in four bottom up stages

58
Q

What is the fusiform face area?

A

A part of the brain that responds preferentially to faces.

59
Q

What do some psychologists argue about the FFA?

A

Responds strongly to all hyper familiar classes of objects

Hassan found that the FFA was more active when we were seeing faces in the Rubin Face/Vase illsuion

60
Q

What does the phenomena of pareidolia suggest about the FFA?

A

It is over excitable and gets activated by any face like configuration

61
Q

What does FFA damage cause?

A

Propagnosia (Face blindness)

62
Q

Why is the average face attractive?

A

Prototypes generate a maximal brain response and we like easy perceptual processing.

Alternatively prototypical faces are healthy and attraction to healthy people is adaptive.

63
Q

What is top down processing and how does it affect perception?

A
  • Processing of information at high levels of cognition which regulates lowers level of cognition
  • stored knowledge and expectations from top down processes will structure the information received from bottom up processes.
64
Q

What information does binocular disparity provide us with?

A
  • distance and depth.

- the farther the object the smaller the shift in image.

65
Q

What is convergence?

A

Coordinated and inward movement made by the two eyes to focus on a near object.

-The information provided by convergence is independent of the image on the retina: the brain is informed of the gaze of the direction of each eye by the muscles controlling the position of eyes.

Brain And Cogntion (14 decks)

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