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Brain And Cogntion > Basics Of Neuroscience > Flashcards

Basics Of Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

What cells make up your brain?

A

Neurons (10%)

Glial cells (90%)

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2
Q

What is the function of glial ells?

A

They play a supporting role and are less directly involved in information processing.

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3
Q

Describe the structure of a neutron

A

Typical cell body. It has a nucleus with DNA, endoplasmic reticulum, organelles etc.

But they have tree like dendritic arbor and long axons.

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4
Q

How big are axons in the brain and out of the brain?

A

Out of the Brian several metres long in the brain a few millimetres long.

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5
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Transmit bursts of electrical potentials down to the terminal buttons.

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6
Q

What frequency do actions potentials have in and outside of the brain?

A

500 Hz outside the brain

100Hz in the Brain

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7
Q

How can constitution velocity to about 100 metres per second increase for action potentials?

A

Other fatty cells can wrap around the axon

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8
Q

What does the nodes of raanvier (gaps between myelin sheath) cause?

A

Makes conduction jump from one node of ranvier to the next.

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9
Q

If neurons maintain a resting membrane potential of -70 millivolts what does that mean?

A

They are polarised which means positively charged particles will flood in if they can.

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10
Q

What happens if the ion channels in the neurons open?

A

Positive sodium ions flow in, and the cell depolarizes.

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11
Q

What occurs if depolarization of the neutron crosses a certain threshold at the ‘trigger zone’ ?

A

a burst of action potentials fires down the axon

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12
Q

Where is the trigger zone on a neuron?

A

Axon hillock

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13
Q

What occurs for excitatory neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the dendrites?

A

Cause sodium ion channels to open, and the cell depolarizes.

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14
Q

What occurs if inhibitory neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the dendrites?

A

Chloride ions are caused to flow in and the cell becomes less likely to depolarize (hyperpolarizes)

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15
Q

What occurs when action potential reaches the terminal button?

A

Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. (Synaptic cleft which is the gap between one neuron and the next)

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16
Q

What can neurotransmitters do?

A

They can excite or inhibit the post synaptic neuron, making it more or less likely to depolarize

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17
Q

What two systems is our nervous system made out of?

A

Peripheral nervous system

Central nervous system

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18
Q

Describe the structure of the central nervous system?

A

Brain stem
Midbrain
Forebrain

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19
Q

What is the brain stem made out of?

A

Spinal cord
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

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20
Q

What is the midbrain made out of?

A

Tegmentum:

  • Red nucleus
  • Substantia Nigra
  • Reticular formation

Tectum:

  • Superior colliculi
  • Inferior colliculi
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21
Q

What is the forebrain made out of?

A

Diencephalon:

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituatary gland

Telencephalon

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22
Q

What separates the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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23
Q

What connects the hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

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24
Q

What functions does the medulla control?

A

Respiration and swallowing, vomiting, vasodilation.

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25
Q

What functions does the pons control?

A

Controls sleep and arousal. The pons also connects to the cerebellum.

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26
Q

Describe structure of cerebellum and the functions it Is responsible for?

A

Large structure about 10% of brain volume is the brain and contains 50% of the neurons.

It integrates various types of information and is best known for its role in fine motor control.

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27
Q

What does the superior and inferior colliculus in the tectum responsible for?

A

It controls rapid eye movements to visual onset’s. Inferior colliculus controls auditory reflexes.

28
Q

What does the reticular formation in the tegmentum responsible for?

A

It supervises sleep of arousal of the cortex (the reticular activating system is important for consciousness).

29
Q

What is the substantial nigra part of the tegmentum responsible for?

A

Initiating voluntary action (damage here can result in Parkinson’s disease)

30
Q

What is the cranial nerve responsible for?

A

Control the face, they bypass the spinal cord and leave from the brain.

31
Q

what makes up the telencephalon ?

A

Neocortex and its four lobes?

32
Q

Summary of forebrain in a sentence

A

Central structure of the brain, both spatially and functionally (integration centre)

33
Q

What does the medial geniculate nucleus in the forebrain do?

A

It is the intermittent structure between the inner ear and the primary auditory cortex

34
Q

What’s does the lateral geniculate nucleus in the forebrain do?

A

Relay between the eyes and the primary visual cortex

35
Q

What functions does the combination of the forebrain, diencephalon and hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Feeding, aggression, sex, body temperature, circadian rhythms and reinforcement learning.

36
Q

What functions does the combination of the forebrain, diencephalon and pituitary gland responsible for?

A

Monitors body growth, sexual physiology and controls endocrine glands (like the adrenal glands on your kidneys)

37
Q

What are endocrines A.K.A hormones responsible for?

A

Very important in regulating growth, body functions and behaviour. It makes sense that the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus.

38
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis part of?

A

The physiological stress responses A.K.A fight or flight response

39
Q

Why is HPA a problem in current times and society?

A

it has an evolutionary component to aid survival when physical activity is required (fighting a lion).

But not the HPA is being activated by modern stressors which do not require physical activity which causes lots of health problems, anxiety and mental proble

40
Q

What makes up the telencephalon

A

Basal ganglia

Limbic system

Cerebral cortex

41
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globes pallidus

42
Q

What makes up the limbic system?

A 
Hippocampus 
Amygdala 
Fornix
Olfactory bulb
Mammillary bodies 
Cingulate cortex
43
Q

What makes up the cerebral cortex?

A

Cingulate cortex

Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

44
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for ?

A

Regulating movement such as releasing a pre planned action at the right time.

45
Q

Describe the components of the basal ganglia?

A

Group of cells buried deep in white matter.

46
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Central for leaning and for spatial navigation memory (damage abolishes long term memory)

47
Q

What is amygdala responsible for ?

A

Emotional processing (particularly fear conditioning)

48
Q

What is the fornix and mammillary bodies responsible for?

A

Memory

49
Q

What is the olfactory bulb responsible for?

A

Processing of odours (smells are, are well connected to episodic memory.

50
Q

What is the cingulate cortex responsible for?

A

Detection of conflict, anticipation of reward and emotions.

51
Q

Describe the surface of the neocortex

A

3-mm layer surface of the brain

Mostly made of bodie cells and glial

Heavily wrinkled

52
Q

What is the neocortex also called?

A

Grey matter due to its greyish appearance

53
Q

What does whit matter refer to?

A

Bundle of axons connecting neurons in the grey matter to other parts of the brain.

54
Q

What are the grooves on the neocortex called ?

A

Sulci

55
Q

What are the bulges on the cortex called?

A

Gyri

56
Q

Name the lobes of the neocortex?

A

Occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal

57
Q

Outline the function of the occipital lobe

A

takes visual input from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and processes visual signals.

58
Q

Outline function of the parietal lobe?

A

Parietal lobe takes information from the visual cortex, and generates spatial representations for motor control and action planning.

59
Q

What pathway is the parietal lobe ?

A

The dorsal pathway in the two visual streams model.

60
Q

What can damage to the parietal lobe cause?

A

Hemispatial neglect, where people do not direct attention or action to one side of space.

61
Q

What divides the parietal and frontal lobes?

A

Sensory and motor strips on either side of the lateral fissure.

62
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

The fusiform gyrus located at the bottom of the temporal lobe, deals with face recognition. The ventral visual pathway is in the temporal lobe.

Sensory information from the ears is processed by the auditory cortex

Wernickes area is associated with language comprehension

63
Q

What does damage to the temporal lobe cause?

A

Damage creates prosopagnosia(fusiform), cortical deafness(auditory cortex) or aphasia (speech comprehension)

64
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Planning, working memory, decision making

Broca’s area plays an important role in speech production.

Important for inhibitory control of the limbic system

65
Q

When does myelination of frontal lobes finish?

A

Mid 20’s

66
Q

What is the difference between frontal lobes in humans compared to animals?

A

Humans have enlarged frontal lobes

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