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PSY1007 > Visual Perception > Flashcards

Visual Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Extramission Theories

A
  • Includes Euclid and Plato
  • Theory: A stream of light or fire comes from the eyes to allow us to see objects
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2
Q

Intromission Theories

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  • Democritus; Objects cast off some kind of material substance that enters the eye
  • Epicurus; Objects cast off one-atom-thick layers that arrive in the eyes
  • Made sense of object constancy
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3
Q

Aristotle’s Theory of Visual Perception

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  • Rejected extramission theory
  • HIs and his pupil’s theory: Light was generated from the Sun and reflected from objects. It travelled through a medium (air) to the eye. Without this medium, we would see nothing.
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4
Q

Alhazen’s Contribution to Visual Perception

A
  • Considered the ‘father of modern optics’
  • Studied stereopsis, refraction and several illustrations including moon illusion
  • Proposed that rays originate from objects, not eyes
  • Proposed that vision occurs in the brain, not the eyes
  • Proposed that experience affects perception, and hence perception can be mistaken
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5
Q

17th Century Physics: Johannes Kepler

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“… Thus vision is brought about by a picture of a thing seen being formed on the concave surface of the retina” which basically means that an image is formed/starts in the retinal surface of the eye

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6
Q

17th Century Physics: Isaac Newton

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Many contributions but the one highlighted in the topic of visual perception is his use of prisms to decompose white light into its spectral components.

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7
Q

18th Century Philosophy: If starting point is 2D retinal image, how do we see a 3D world?

A
  • Locke and Berkely; Rejects the empiricist position that all knowledge is innate
  • Immanuel Kant; Rejects the empiricist position that all knowledge is learned and suggests that there must be some inborn assumptions or categories
  • A nature vs nuture debate
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8
Q

Definition of Psychophysics

A

Systematic study of the relationship between sensations and physical events

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9
Q

19th Century Psychophysics: Gustave Fechner

A
  • Influential scientist in Leipzig
  • Introduced the term, “psychophysics”
  • Published the ‘Elements of Psychophysics’ in 1860
  • Fechner et al. introduced methods still used today, e.g. Method of limits, Method of constant stimuli
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10
Q

19th Century Psychophysics: Ernst H Weber

A
  • Influential scientist in Leipzig
  • Noticed that JND in some sensory dimension or other is a constant proportion of usually about 3%
  • Weber fraction -> (I₂ - I₁)/I₁ = constant
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11
Q

Biography of Hermann von Helmholtz

A
  • Studied medicine
  • Published ‘Handbook of Physiological Optics Vol. 1’ (1856)
  • Chair of Physiology at Heidelberg (1858)
  • Chair of Physics at Berlin (1871)
  • His biography is an example of how ideating the basis of psychology required mastery across different disciplines
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12
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz’s Contributions

A
  • Invented ophthalmoscope (allows you to look into the back of the eye to look at the health of the retina, optic nerves, etc.)
  • Associationist and empiricist doctrine
  • Unconscious inference (what people use to deduce what they perceive)
  • Theory of depth perception (visual cues plus felt positions in space, learned by associations)
  • Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour perception
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13
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz’s Contributions

A
  • Invented ophthalmoscope (allows you to look into the back of the eye to look at the health of the retina, optic nerves, etc.)
  • Associationist and empiricist doctrine
  • Unconscious inference (what people use to deduce what they perceive)
  • Theory of depth perception (visual cues plus felt positions in space, learned by associations)
  • Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour perception
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14
Q

Associationist Theory

A

The theory that complex mental processes (ex. thinking, learning, and memory) can be wholly/mainly explained by the associative links formed between simpler ideas

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15
Q

Associationist Theory

A

The theory that complex mental processes (ex. thinking, learning, and memory) can be wholly/mainly explained by the associative links formed between simpler ideas

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16
Q

The Birth of Experimental Psychology: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt

A
  • Previously studied with Muller and worked at Heidelberg with Helmholtz
  • The “first” psychological laboratory in University of Leipzig (1879)
  • Clearly distinguished ‘experimental’ psychology from ‘social’ psychology (through his attempts to control the settings/environment)
  • Proposed psychology as the science of consciousness; Aimed to show how elements of consciousness are combined to form perceptions and ideas, through introspection
17
Q

Importance of Germany and Leipzig

A
  • Many of Psychology’s early leaders and Gestalt psychologists all worked in Germany
  • This early leadership in Psychology was disrupted by the world wars and division of Germany
  • Leipzig is the second-oldest university in Germany and the first in the world to hold a psychological laboratory
  • Leipzig University was renamed ‘Karl Marx University’ under the Soviet regime
  • After reunification of East and West Germany, Leipzig University again flourishes
  • Leipzig today houses two Max Planck Institutes (MPI or Evolutionary Anthropology and MPI of Cognitive Brain Sciences)
18
Q

20th Century Vision: The Three Primary ‘Schools’

A
  • Gestalt Psychology
  • JJ Gibson’s ecological optics
  • Richard Gregory’s constructivism
19
Q

Edward B. Titchener

A
  • PhD with Wundt
  • After, he went to America and established a lab at Cornell in 1892 to pursue ‘Structuralism’
  • Used introspection (to determine different components of consciousness)
  • His approach was challenged by Gestalt psychologists
20
Q

Important Figures in Gestalt Psychology

A
  • Max Wertheimer
  • Kurt Koffa
  • Wolfgang Kohler
  • All three educated and practiced in Germany during WW1 but moved to the US before WW2
21
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology’s theory?

A
  • A school of thought that suggests the human mind looks at the world as a whole, instead of focusing on every small component.
  • Gestalt theory emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its parts.
22
Q

Titchener’s Structuralism

A
  • Introspective analysis of the basic elements of conscious experience
  • Seeks to analyze the elements of mental experiences (ex. sensations, mental images, and feelings) and how these elements combine to form more complex experiences
23
Q

Examples of the Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organisation

A
  • Proximity: Things that are close together are grouped together
  • Similarity: Things that look similar are grouped together
  • Common Fate: Things that move together are grouped together
  • Good continuation
24
Q

Behaviourism and its Influence (Visual Perception)

A
  • Emerged in America at roughly the same time as the Gestalt period in Germany
  • Stimulus implies an impoverished input (unlike JJ Gibson)
  • Minimised cognitive activities that intervene between ‘stimulus’ and ‘response’ (unlike Richard Gregory)
25
Q

J. B. Watson

A
  • Critical of consciousness as object of study and introspection as a method
  • Led to considerable work, mainly learning and usually in animals; Looking for laws of learning how ‘responses’ (behaviour) is related to ‘stimuli’
26
Q

Approach for Depth Perception: JJ Gibson’s Ecological Optics

A
  • Published three books on ‘direct perception’ (Perception of the Visual World, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems, The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception)
  • His theory arose from the question, “How to train pilots quickly?”
  • Dissatisfaction with the ‘depth cue’ approach
  • His theory: We don’t see the world in parts but an entire optic array, which comprises of texture gradients and optic flow
  • In other words, he denied roles for ‘representation’ or ‘cognition’ (we simply just SEE the world)
27
Q

Approach for Depth Perception: Depth Cues

A
  1. Depth Cues branches into Monocular Cues and Binocular Cues
  2. Monocular Cues branches into Pictorial Cues and Motion Parallax
  3. Pictorial Cues: Interposition, Size, Linear perspective, Texture, Haze, Shading, Elevation
  4. Binocular Cues branches into Convergence and Retinal Disparity (stereopsis)
28
Q

Richard Gregory’s Constructivism

A
  • Theory of perception in agreement with Helmholtz but disagreement with Gibson
  • Emphasizes the ambiguity of perceptual input
  • Constructivism: The theory that proposes learners construct knowledge rather than just passively take in information

PSY1007 (7 decks)

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