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Organs Systems 3 Exam 1 > Visual Part 1 > Flashcards

Visual Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain processes “What” an object is?

A

The ventral/ Temporal lobe

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2
Q

What part of the brain processes “Where” an object is?

A

The dorsal/Parietal lobe

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3
Q

How does the CNS maintain a tolerable level os sensory stimulation?

A

Feedback control

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball and what dural layers are they analogous to?

A

fibrous coat (dura); vascular coat (arachnoid and pia); nervous coat (CNS)

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5
Q

What makes up the fibrous coat?

A

the sclera and the cornea

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6
Q

What part of the fibrous coat is avascular?

A

the cornea

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7
Q

What is the sclera made of?

A

dense white CT

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8
Q

What is the uvea/ uveal tract?

A

the vascular coat

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9
Q

What is in the vascular coat?

A

the choroid plexus, the ciliary body and the iris

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10
Q

What two structures refract light?

A

The cornea and the lens

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11
Q

What structure controls a majority of the light refraction?

A

The cornea

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12
Q

What are the five layers of the cornea?

A

Epithelium; Bowmans basement membrane; Stroma; Descemets basement membrane; Endothelium

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13
Q

What type of histology is seen in the cornea?

A

The epithelial layer is stratified squamous; The endothelial layer is simple squamous, all non-keratinizing

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14
Q

What is a function of Bowmans membrane?

A

reduces the spread of infections. It also cannot regenerate

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15
Q

What two layers in the cornea control the passage of substances from the aqueous humor to the stroma?

A

The endothelial layer and Descemets basement membrane

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16
Q

Where are corneal epithelial stem cells located?

A

At the junction of the sclera and the cornea, called corneoscleral limbus

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17
Q

What are corneal stem cells called?

A

transient amplifying cells (TACs)

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18
Q

How is DNA protected from UV light in the cornea?

A

By nuclear ferritin

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19
Q

How does the lens receive nutrients?

A

diffusion from humor

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20
Q

How is the lens held in place?

A

zonule fibers from the ciliary body called suspensory ligaments

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21
Q

How is the resting convexity of the lens maintained?

A

outward pull of suspensory ligaments, inward pull by intrinsic elastic fibers

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22
Q

What is the lens capsule made of?

A

collagen IV and glycoprotein

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23
Q

How and where is the lens regenerated?

A

The germinal zone- new lens cells migrate to the mediel eye and lose nuclei

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24
Q

What is presbyobia and what is it caused by?

A

far sightedness- caused by loss of elasticity with age, so loss of resting convexity

25
Q

What are cataracts caused by?

A

build-up of Fe or ROS causing damage to the lens and a los of opaqueness

26
Q

Decreased convexity of the lens causes near or far vision?

A

far vision

27
Q

Increased convexity of the lens causes near or far vision?

A

near vision

28
Q

What muscle controls lens convexity? What is this process called?

A

ciliary bodies that control suspensory ligament tension, is called accomodation

29
Q

When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, what is the shape of the lens? What type of objects are seen? (near/far?)

A

stretched out, thin; Distant objects are seen

30
Q

When the ciliary muscle is tensed, what is the shape of the lens? What type of objects are seen? (near/far?)

A

smaller diameter lens, but is bulged posteriorly; near objects are seen

31
Q

What is myopia? What is it caused by?

A

near-sightedness, caused by the eyeball being too long, so light focuses in front of the retina

32
Q

What is hyperopia? What is it caused by?

A

far sightedness, caused by the eyeball being too short, so light focuses behind the retina

33
Q

Do near or distant objects require greater refraction by the lens?

A

nearby objects (distant objects are close to parallel)

34
Q

Where is the aqueous humor produced? Where does it drain?

A

the ciliary body, drains via the canal of Schlemm/scleral venous sinus

35
Q

What are some causes of glaucoma?

A

blocked flow of aqueous humor through the canal of schlemm, adherence of the iris to the lens, too much production of aqueous humor.

36
Q

What is glaucoma? What can result from glaucoma?

A

increased pressure in the anterior chamber of aqueous humor. Can cause intraocular pressure that can damage the optic nerve

37
Q

What are three components of the IRIS?

A

striations of CT, blood vessels and smooth muscle

38
Q

What are two muscles within the iris?

A

constrictor and dilator pupilae

39
Q

Where is the melanin in the iris?

A

distributed throughout the stroma/CT layer, but highly concentrated in the pigmented posterior epithelial layer.

40
Q

What determines eye color?

A

The distribution of melanin throughout the CT or lack thereof (melanin concentrated in the pigmented epithelium causes blue eye color)

41
Q

What is Rayleigh scattering and how does it explain the blue sky?

A

shorter wavelengths of light are refracted more that longer wavelengths of light. blue light (shorter wavelength) gets refracted more, so we see it more often.

42
Q

Why is melanin brown?

A

it absorbs blue and green colors, reflecting red/yellow/brown colors

43
Q

What does the iris do?

A

Controls the aperture of the eye, thereby also controlling the range of focus

44
Q

What two muscles are in the iris? What type of innervation controls them?

A

Sphincter pupillae (parasympathetic) and dilator pupillae (sympathetic)

45
Q

A smaller pupil increases or decreases the range of focus?

A

Increase

46
Q

A larger pupil size will increase or decrease the range of focus?

A

Decrease

47
Q

What is the parasympathetic pathway of iris innervation?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN3) –> parasympathetic ciliary ganglion on posterior eye, decreases pupil size

48
Q

What is the sympathetic pathway of iris innervation?

A

Spinal cord–> superior cervical ganglion . Postganglionic nerves project along arteries to the iris

49
Q

What three cranial nerves enter the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III, IV and V

50
Q

What are some things that can become ‘floaters’?

A

Hyaloid canal vestiges; age-related depolymerization of collagen, due to water loss the collagen can coagulate.

51
Q

What is the vitreous body made of?

A

99% water; hyaluronic acid and type II collagen fibers

52
Q

Where does the lens placode form?

A

Where the rostral neural tube contacts ectoderm.

53
Q

What does the rostral part of the neural tube form?

A

The cerebral hemispheres and the eyes

54
Q

Is the lens of the eye derived from neural tissue or ectoderm?

A

Ectoderm

55
Q

What does the neural layer of the optic vesicle become?

A

Neurons and photoreceptors

56
Q

What does the pigmented layer of the optic vesicle form?

A

The retinal pigment epithelium

57
Q

What tissue types are the sclera and choroid derived from?

A

Embryonic meningeal tissues (mesoderm)

58
Q

What surrounds the optic nerve?

A

Dura, arachnoid and pia mater

Organs Systems 3 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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