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Organs Systems 3 Exam 1 > Neuroanatomy Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neurulation? When does it occur?

A

central ectoderm –> neural plate –> neural tube, occurs in week 4

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2
Q

What are two growth signalling factors involved in neurulation?

A

Shh and BMP

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3
Q

What are the two ways in which the neural tube forms?

A

primary and secondary (sacrum) neurulation

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4
Q

What tissues develop into the neural tube in primary neurulation? What is primary neurulation?

A

epithelium (invagination of epithelium)

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5
Q

What tissues develop into the neural tube in secondary neurulation? What is secondary neurulation?

A

mesenchyme (mesenchyme condenses into a tube, then transitions to epithelium)

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6
Q

When does the neural tube close (what days of development)?

A

19-21

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7
Q

What are the five waves of neural tube closure?

A
  1. thoracic region. 2. skull 3. face 4. back of the neck 5. sacral region
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8
Q

What needs to occur for complete CNS formation?

A

closure of rostral and caudal neuropores

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9
Q

What is anencephaly? What is it caused by?

A

lack of skull and cerebrum formation, no brain, caused by failure of the second wave closure over the head

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10
Q

What are three types of spina bifida?

A

Spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele

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11
Q

What causes spina bifida?

A

incomplete closure of the caudal neuropore, at the junction of waves 1 and 5 (junction of primary and secondary neurulation)

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12
Q

What is the rhombencephalon? What two structures does it form?

A

the hindbrain, forms the medulla (myelencephalon) and the pons (metencephalon)

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13
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

the midbrain

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14
Q

What is the prosencephalon? What 3 structures does it develop into?

A

the forebrain, develops into the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), the optic vesicle and the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus)

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15
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into?

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus and the epithalamus

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16
Q

What are the two flexures of the brain during development?

A

the cephalic flexure and the pontine flexure

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17
Q

What structure develops into the cerebellum?

A

the Pons

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18
Q

What are the three areas of grey matter (Rexed’s Lamina)?

A

Dorsal (sensory), Intermediate (autonomic), and Ventral (motor)

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19
Q

Once sensory stimuli reach the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where can second order neurons send information?

A

to local spinal areas and ascend to brainstem and thalamus

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20
Q

What kind of neurons are in the intermediate region of grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

preganglionic autonomic neurons (visceral motor neurons)

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21
Q

What kind of neurons are in the ventral horn of grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

efferent motor neurons to skeletal muscle (somatic motor neurons)

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22
Q

What are the three funiculi of white matter of the spinal cord?

A

dorsal, ventral, lateral

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23
Q

What are the two fasciculi of the dorsal funiculus? What do they do?

A

the cuneate and the gracile fasciculi; carry tactile information to the brain stem and the thalamus

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24
Q

What three areas are in the lateral funiculus? What do they do?

A 
Lateral corticospinal tract (descending tract from the cortex); 
Spinocerebellar tracts (ascending tactile and proprioceptive info to the cerebellum);
Anterolateral system (ascending pain and temperature to thalamus)
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25
Q

What are two areas of the ventral funiculus? What do they do?

A

Anterior (ventral) corticospinal: descending motor from cortex
vestibulospinal and reticulospinal: descending motor from the brainstem

26
Q

What is the propriospinal tract?

A

surround the grey matter, interconnects spinal levels but does not go to the brain

27
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

28
Q

What six regulatory centers are in the brainstem?

A

urinary bladder control; pneumotaxic center; cardiac acceleration and slowing; respiratory center; vomiting center; swallowing center

29
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles?

A

input and output tracts that connect the cerebellum to the pons

30
Q

What are five functions of the cerebellum?

A

muscle coordination, motor planning, procedural memory, balance, eye movements

31
Q

What are four structures within the medulla?

A

substantia nigra, periaqueductal grey, superior/inferior colliculi and the red nucleus

32
Q

What do the superior and inferior colliculi do?

A

superior looks, inferior listens

33
Q

What does the red nucleus do?

A

part of the descending motor pathway

34
Q

What does the periaqueductal grey do?

A

regulates pain, stress responses and threat responses

35
Q

What does the substantia nigra do?

A

dopamine modulator of motor control; addiction center

36
Q

What are the cerebral pundicles? Where are they?

A

sensory and motor tracts connecting spinal cord, brain stem and cortex; in the midbrain

37
Q

The diencephalon is technically a part of what part of the brian? (forebrain, midbrain or hindbrain)

A

forebrain

38
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

process and distribute sensory and motor information to and from the cortex. underlies consciousness and awareness

39
Q

The hypothalamus communicates with what three structures?

A

spinal cord, cortex and the pituitary (endocrine pathway)

40
Q

What tissue does the anterior pituitary derive from?

A

primordial ectoderm from gut tissue

41
Q

What is the adenohypophysis?

A

anterior pituitary from gut tissue (ectoderm)

42
Q

How does the adenohypophysis communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

via portal circulation

43
Q

What tissue does the posterior pituitary derive from?

A

the neural tube

44
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

the posterior pituitary from the neural tube

45
Q

How does the neurohypophysis communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

neuronal communication

46
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

motor cortex (primary, premotor, supplementary); Broca’s speech area; behavior, ideas, integration of memories/emotion into action

47
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

somatosensory cortex (primary, secondary, association); Wernicke’s language area, egocentric

48
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

auditory cortex (primary, secondary and association)

49
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

visual cortex (primary, secondary and association)

50
Q

What does the Insula do?

A

gustatory, visceral, emotional cortex (gut feelings)

51
Q

What separates the frontal from the parietal lobes?

A

central sulcus

52
Q

What separates the frontal from the temporal lobes?

A

lateral fissure

53
Q

What is the reticular formation? What is it associated with?

A

general sensory input sent to the cortex and limbic structures. associated with arousal, attention, motivation and wakefulness

54
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia?

A

The striatum and globus pallidus; substantia nigra and subthalamus

55
Q

What two structures make up the striatum?

A

caudate and the putamen

56
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

habits, learning, easily stimulate significant or frequently stimulated areas (muscle memory?)

57
Q

What is the limbic system associated with?

A

personality, nature of behavior, sense of self

58
Q

What structures are a part of the limbic system?

A

Limbic cortex, anterior and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, amygdala, ventral striatum (of the basal ganglia)

59
Q

What are three parts of the limbic cortex?

A

orbital and medial prefrontal cortex; cingulate gyrus; parahippocampus

60
Q

What is the white matter of the cerebrum made up of?

A

axonal bundles that communicate cortical regions

61
Q

What are arcuate fibers?

A

axonal bundles in white matter that interconnect local gyri

Organs Systems 3 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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