Visual flashcards M1
Arachnoid granulations
Drain CSF into venous sinuses
Sulcus, gyrus, fissure
Sulcus is groove inwards
Gyrus is bump
Fissure separates large brain regions
What separates the occipital and parietal lobe, the cerebrum from cerebellum and parietal lobe and frontal lobe?
image
What is the transverse fissure?
Separates cerebrum from cerebellum
What is the lateral sulcus?
Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal
What is the conus medullaris?
Bottom of spinal cord
What is the filum terminale?
Extends from conus medullaris to posterior surface of coccyx
What is the cauda equina?
Grows due to disproportionate growth of spinal cord vs vertberal column
Anatomy of transverse section of spinal cord
Dorsal does afferent info
Ventral does efferent info
Lesions and damage to dorsal and ventral horns result in what?
Left ventral = paralysis right side
Right dorsal = sensory loss left side
Layers of meninges in brain
Venous sinuses between periosteal and meningeal dura mater
What and where are the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebri for cerebrum
Falx cerebelli for cerebellum
Tentorium cerebelli covers over cerebellum and separates the 2
What is the subarachnoid space?
Where is the superior sagittal sinus?
Joins transverse sinus
Arachnoid villi drain CSF into superior sagittal sinus
Where is the inferior sagittal sinus?
Joins straight sinus
Where is the straight sinus?
Within tentorium cerebelli
Joins left transverse sinus
Where is the transverse sinus?
Continuous with straight sinus
Where do sinuses join?
Confluens
Where is the sigmoid sinus?
Forward continuation of transverse sinus
Opens into internal jugular vein
Where is the cavernous sinus?
Lateral to pituitary gland
Drains into sup. and inf. petrosal sinuses
Where does the cavernous sinus drain into?
Transverse sinus (superior petrosal) and internal jugular vein (inferior petrosal)
Name the sinuses
There are 6
Sup. sagittal
Inf. sagittal
Straight
Transverse
Sigmoid
Cavernous
What does brocas area consist of?
Opercular
Triangular
Orbital inferior to the two
What are the different parts of the frontal lobe?
How is the body mapped in the primary motor cortex?
Where is thr cingulate gyrus and supplementary motor areas?
What are the 3 gyri of the parietal lobe?
What separates the sup. and inf. lobules of the parietal lobe?
Intraparietal sulcus
How is the body mapped in the somatosensory cortex?
Post-central gyrus
Where is the visual association cortex? What sulcus divides it?
What are the 3 superficial gyri of the temporal lobe? What sulci divides them?
What are the structures that make up the under/ventral surface of the temporal lobe?
2 gyri, 3 sulci
What are the noteable structures on the under side of the brain?
Where is the fornix and septum pellucidum?
Where is Wernickes area?
Where are the 4 main cisterns in the skull?
What are the layers of the meninges in the spinal cord?
Where is the denticulate ligament?
From an anterior view, what does the ventricular system look like?
Where are the apertures and communication systems of the ventricular system?
Where is CSF generated?
Choroid plexus in inferior horn and body
Where is the 3rd ventricle?
Between the thalamus on either side
Where is the 4th ventricle and what are its boundaries?
What are the 8 steps/stages of CSF flow around the skull?
What is the direction of bloodflow from heart to the brain?
What are the 3 main cerebral arteries?
The circle of willis and its purpose?
To maintain blood supply to brain even if there is a blockage
Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
Medial aspect of hemisphere and posterior 1/3
What does the middle cerebral artery supply?
Almost all lateral surfaces of cerebral hemispheres
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
Medial aspect of hemisphere and anterior 2/3
What is the map of the motor cortex?
Where is the corpus callosum and what are the 4 parts of it called?
What are the names for the different combinations of the basal ganglia?
What is the anatomy of the basal ganglia
Model of caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleus
Coronal section showing basal ganglia component
Parts of diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
What do the sup., middle and inf. peduncles do?
Help to anchor cerebrum to brainstem
Cranial nerves III and IV
Anatomy of the colliculi
How to distinguish between sup. and inf. colliculi
Superior for eyes and eye movement
Inferior for hearing
Substantia nigra, red nucleus,
Red nucleus is a relay station
What is contained in the pons?
Rythmic breathing
What is contained in the medulla?
Pyramid and pyramidal decussation
Overall view of entire brainstem
Where are the olives?
Relay info to cerebellum
Fasciculus gracilis vs cuneatus
Gracilis info from lower limb
Cuneatus info from upper limb
Where are all 12 cranial nerves on the brainstem?
Structures here
A = Body of caudate nucleus
B = Putamen of lentiform nucleus
C = Hippocampus
D = Parahippocampal gyrus
Structures here p2
A = Mammillary body for recognition and olfaction
B = Right optic nerve
C = Hypophyseal
D = Pyramid
What are the nerves here?
A = Trigeminal
B = Abducens
C = Accessory
What are the nerves here?
A = Hypoglossal nerve
B = Facial nerve
C = Vestibulocochlear nerve
Where are the cerebellar peduncles?
Cerebellar peduncles as seen in cerebellum
Basic anatomy of cerebellum
How are cerebellar circuits interconnected?
Purkinje innervated by climbing fibre
Granule and parallel innervated by mossy fibres
Parallel can reach to purkinje
Histology of layers of cells in cerebellum
Where is the flocular lobe and what does it consist of?
What are the divisions of the cerebellum?
FNL for balance
Ant. and Post. lobes for movement co ordination
Where are the 3/4 deep cerebellar nuclei?
Globose and emobiliform = interposed nucleus
Vermis projects to fastigial nucleus
Dentate is largest
What are the 3+1 saggital functional zones?
Vermis = spinocerebellum div.
Intermediate zone = spinocerebellum div
Lateral zone = Cerebrocerebellum div.
FNL = vestibulocerebellum
List the structures present here
A = Anterior horn of lateral ventricle
B = Corpus callosum
C = Insular cortex
D = Globus pallidus
E = Pineal gland
What are the structures labelled here?
A = Interpeduncular fossa
B = 3rd ventricle
C = Hippocampus
D = Anterior horn of lateral ventricle
E = Septum pellucidum
