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Neurobiology > ANAT242 M1 L2- > Flashcards

ANAT242 M1 L2- Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of nerve tissue?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

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2
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A

Axons
White due to myelin

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3
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A

Neuron cell bodies (soma)
Nucleus in CNS
Ganglion in PNS

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4
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Turn or twist in brain
Identified by a hilly bump

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5
Q

What is a sucli?

A

Valley, groove that goes inwards

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6
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Separates large regions of the brain

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7
Q

What is the insula?

A

Buried deep in lateral sulcus
Covered by portions of temporal, parietal and frontal lobes

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8
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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9
Q

What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Transverse fissure

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10
Q

What separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal?

A

Lateral sulcus

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11
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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12
Q

What is the bottom of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris (L1-L2)

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13
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Extends from conus medullaris to posterior surface of coccyx

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14
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Collection of nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal

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15
Q

Why do nerve roots extend past the length of the spinal cord?

A

Due to disproportionate growth of spinal cord vs vertebral column

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16
Q

What is paresthesias?

A

Sensory loss (white matter)

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17
Q

Damage to what vertebrae causes high tertraplegia?

A

C1-C4

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18
Q

Damage to what vertebrae cause low tetraplegia?

A

C5-C8

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19
Q

Damage to what vertebrae causes paraplegia?

A

Thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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21
Q

What are properties of the dura mater?

A

Very strong and durable
Thick layer of CT

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22
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Periosteal and meningeal

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater?

A

Separate and form large dural venous sinuses

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24
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Meningeal layer that separates cerebrum from cerebellum (tent)

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25
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Small dural fold, runs along midline of cerebellum
Separates two cerebellar hemispheres

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26
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Between meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater
Contains a film of fluid
Bleeding causes subdural haemorrhage

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27
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Delicate transparent membrane
Does NOT go into sulci
Connected to pia mater by fine strands of CT

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28
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater
Wide space filled w/ CSF
Blood In here = subdural haemorrhage

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29
Q

What are the arachnoid villi?

A

Projections of the arachnoid mater
Can form arachnoid granulations
Drain CSF into venous sinuses

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30
Q

What are cisterns?

A

Enlarged subarachnoid space that accumulates CSF

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31
Q

What are the different cisterns?

A

Cerebellomedullary = largest
Superior cistern = superior to cerebellum
Interpenduncular cistern
Pontine cistern

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32
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Delicate, follows contours of brain
Surrounds blood vessels
Forms perivascular space
Forms roof of ventricles

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33
Q

Why does the spinal meninges not have a periosteal layer of the dura mater?

A

Due to requirement of spinal mobility

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34
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Between spinal dural sheath and vertebral bony wall
Contains fat and venous plexus
Largest at L2

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35
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Between arachnoid and pia mater
Contains CSF

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36
Q

What is the lumbar cistern?

A

Inferior to spinal cord L1
Where lumbar puncture occurs

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37
Q

What is the denticulate ligament?

A

Support spinal cord within dural sheath
Lateral anchoring and support

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38
Q

What does the filum terminale do?

A

Anchor spinal cord in vertical direction

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39
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A

Inflammation of pia-arachnoid
Fever, headache, stiff neck
CSF presents cloudy due to bacteria

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40
Q

What is included in the ventricular system?

A

4 ventricles
2 lateral, 3rd and 4th
Contains CSF and continuous with each other

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41
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

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42
Q

What is the interventricular foramen and lateral aperture?

A

Ensure continuity of lateral ventricles

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43
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles go?

A

Frontal -> anterior horn
Occipital -> posterior horn
Temporal -> inferior horn
Choroid plexus circulates CSF around body and inferior horn

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44
Q

What does the 3rd ventricle do and where is it?

A

Seen in between thalamus
Between lateral ventricle and cerebral aqueduct
Choroid plexus in roof

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45
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle?

A

Lies between cerebellum, pons and medulla
3 openings - 2 lateral (luschka), 1 median (magendie)

46
Q

What is the flow of CSF?

A

Choroid plexus -> lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle
Goes down to cerebellomedullary cistern, down spinal cord and circulates up
Goes into arachnoid granulations and eventually superior sagittal sinus

47
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Water on the brain characterised by excessive CSF in ventricular system
Can cause englarged heads for new borns

48
Q

What % of bloodflow is directed to the brain?

A

15% of blood flow is for the brain
1-2 min = impaired function
4 min = irreversible damage

49
Q

What is the track of the anterior blood supply?

A

Common carotid artery splits to internal and external carotid artery

50
Q

What is the track of the posterior blood supply?

A

Vertebral artery (in column) split into 2 and then join to 1 - basilar artery

51
Q

What does the basilar artery divide into?

A

Basilar divides into 2 posterior cerebral arteries

52
Q

What does the internal carotid artery branch into?

A

Anterior and middle cerebral artery

53
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

Basilar artery connects to internal carotid via posterior communicating arteries

54
Q

What is the purpose of the circle of willis?

A

Maintain supply to entire brain if 1 main artery is blocked or narrowed

55
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Occipital lobes, brainstem, medial aspect of hemisphere (posterior 1/3), 3rd and lateral ventricles and inferior temporal lobes

56
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Almost all lateral surfaces of hemispheres

57
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Supply the anterior 2/3 of medial hemisphere and basal nuclei

58
Q

What happens when there is an occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery?

A

Contralateral hemiplagia (1 artery) or bilateral paralysis (2) and impaired sensation
Greatest in lower limb

59
Q

What happens when there is an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery?

A

Severe contralateral hemiplagia and impaired sensation
Most marked in upper limb and face
Severe aphasia if dominant hemisphere affected

60
Q

What happens when there is an occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery?

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

61
Q

What is contralateral homonymous hemianopsia?

A

Opposite side vision problems

62
Q

What forms the roof of the 4th ventricle?

A

Superior medullary velum

63
Q

What is the path of venous drainage in the brain?

A

Fine veins (brain) -> pial venous plexuses -> cerebral veins -> dural venous sinuses -> internal jugular vein -> heart

64
Q

Where are the venous sinuses located?

A

Between periosteal and meningeal layer
Receive venous blood from brain and scalp as well as CSF

65
Q

Purpose and anatomy of superior saggital sinus

A

Lies along superior margin of the falx cerebri
Joins the transverse sinus (right)
Arachnoid villi drain the CSF into the sup. sagittal sinus

66
Q

Purpose and anatomy of inferior sagittal sinus

A

Lies along inferior margin of the falx cerebri
Joins the straight sinus

67
Q

Purpose and anatomy of straight sinus

A

Within tentorium cerebelli
Joins left transverse sinus

68
Q

Purpose and anatomy of transverse sinus

A

Left continuous w/ straight sinus
Sinuses join at confluens

69
Q

Purpose and anatomy of sigmoid sinus

A

Forward continuation of transverse sinus
Opens into internal jugular vein

70
Q

Purpose and anatomy of cavernous sinus

A

Lateral to pituitary gland, linked w/ venous channels
Drains into superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

71
Q

What is contained in the frontal lobe?

A

Anterior of central sulcus
Incl. pre-central gyrus, sup., middle and inferior frontal gyrus
Superior and inferior frontal sulcus

72
Q

What is in the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Opercular most posterior
Triangular in middle
Orbital most anterior near eye

73
Q

What is contained in brocas area?

A

Opercular and triangular
Usually present in left hemisphere

74
Q

What is contained in the pre-central gyrus?

A

Somatic motor cortex
Area of cortex to specific region proportional to amount of motor control over that region

75
Q

What happens when there is damage to the pre-central gyrus?

A

Depending on whether its anterior or middle cerebral artery blocked is contralateral hemiplagia and lower limb, middle is same and upper limb + face

76
Q

What is the pre-motor cortex?

A

Anterior to pre-centra gyrus
Controls learned motor skills
Supplies 30% of pyramidal tract axons
Damage results in loss of skills

77
Q

What are the supplementary and cingulate motor areas?

A

Supplementary anterior to pre-central gyrus
Cingulate covers top of corpus callosum
Receives input from many other cortical areas and thalamus
Contribute to cortiocospinal tract

78
Q

What happens when there is damage to the supplementary and cingulate motor areas?

A

Loss of desired skill movement and speech

79
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Integrates sensory info

80
Q

What is the anatomy of the parietal lobe?

A

In post-central gyrus
Sup. and inf. parietal lobule separated by intraparietal sulcus

81
Q

Where are the supramarginal and angular gyrus located?

A

Supramarginal gyrus posterior to post-central gyrus
Angular gyrus posterior to supramarginal gyrus

82
Q

What is the purpose of the post-central gyrus?

A

Also known as somatosensory cortex
Receive info from contralateral side

83
Q

What is the somatosensory association cortex?

A

In the sup. parietal lobule
Integrating different sensory inputs via somatosensory cortex
Ie: limb positioning, weight and texture of object, location of touch and pain

84
Q

What is the anatomy of the occipital lobe?

A

Posterior to parieto-occipital sulcus
Calcarine sulcus separates - primary cortex inferior
Secondary on either side of primary visual cortex

85
Q

What is the visual association area?

A

Communicates w/ primary visual cortex
Interprets visual stimuli
Face recognition in temporal lobe

86
Q

What is the anatomy of the temporal lobe?

A

The sup. and inf. temporal sulcus divide it into sup., middle and inf. frontal gyrus
Rhinal sulcus anterior
Collateral posterior to rhinal
Occipitotemporal lateral to other 2
Uncus medial to rhinal
Parahippocampal gyrus medial to collateral
Inf. temporal gyrus later to occipitotemporal sulcus

87
Q

What does the fimbria do?

A

Connect the hippocampi to other structures

88
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

Separates the two ventricles

89
Q

What connects the hippocampi to other structures?

A

Fimbria –> fornix

90
Q

What is the transverse temporal gyri?

A

Primary auditory cortex
Wernickes area superficial and posterior

91
Q

What is the insular lobe for?

A

Emotion, homeostasis, cognition and being self-aware

92
Q

What is non-fluent aphasia?

A

Brocas area damage
Can comprehend speech but difficult to produce - little fluency

93
Q

What is fluent aphasia?

A

Wernickes area damage
Difficult to comprehend speech and talking is fluent but meaningless

94
Q

What is contained in cerebral white matter?

A

Consists largely of myelinated axons bundled into large tracts

95
Q

What are projection tracts?

A

Extend top -> bottom
Vertically from brain -> spinal cord forming internal capsule

96
Q

What are commissural tracts?

A

Cross hemispheres
Involves corpus callosum, wide band of axon tracts

97
Q

What is the anatomy of the corpus callosum?

A

Rostrum 1st part close to nose
Genu = first turn (in frontal lobe)
Body = main part (frontal/parietal)
Splenium = most post. (temp/occipital)

98
Q

What is contained in the anterior commissure?

A

Axons that connect middle and inferior temporal gyri of 2 sides

99
Q

What do cerebral white matter association fibres do?

A

Connect lobes and gyri w/ in hemisphere

100
Q

What is contained in the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei and substantia nigra

101
Q

What is contained in the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

102
Q

What is contained in the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

103
Q

What does the caudate nucleus look like?

A

C - shaped

104
Q

What is the foramen and function of the olfactory nerve (I)?

A

Foramen = Cribriform plate
Function = Olfaction - sensory

105
Q

What is the foramen and function of the optic nerve (II)?

A

Foramen = Optic foramen
Function = Vision - sensory

106
Q

What is the foramen and function of the occulomotor nerve (III)?

A

Foramen = Superior orbital fissure
Function = Innervate most eye muscles - motor

107
Q

What is the foramen and function of the trochlear nerve (IV)?

A

Foramen = Superior orbital fissure
Function = Eye movement - motor

108
Q

What is the foramen and function of the trigeminal nerve (V)?

A

Foramen = V1, sup. orbital fissure,
V2, Foramen rotundum
V3, Foramen ovale
Function = V1,2,3 sensory from eye, V3 innervates mastication muscles

109
Q

What is the foramen and function of the abducens nerve (VI)?

A

Foramen = Superior orbital fissure
Function = Abducts eye - motor

110
Q

What is the foramen and function of the facial nerve (VII)?

A

Foramen = Internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen
Function = muscles of facial expression and taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue - both

111
Q

What is the foramen and function of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)?

A

Foramen = Internal acoustic meatus
Function = Hearing and balance - sensory

Neurobiology (3 decks)

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