Visual and Performing Arts Flashcards
Historically, the traditional shape of a folk dance was based upon the
A circle is a universal symbol for ancient sacred cultural dances from around the world. Fostered community spirit and increased dancer interaction.
Nondramatic ballet emphasizes
dance that does not tell a story. The dance movements, including its expressive qualities, are the central focus.
Teaching advantages of the square dance
can be simple and easy to learn; it is structured, requiring concentration and teamwork.
The flamenco dance originated in
originated from the Andalusian Gypsies of Spain. This style is characterized by forceful rhythms, hand clapping, rapid foot movements, the use of castanets, and colorful costumes.
Maypole dances were originally associated with
fertility rituals. In primitive cultures, a pole was placed in the ground and consecrated during a religious ceremony. Individuals dance around the maypole, often holding long ribbons that are tied to the pole.
Rhythm is the flow of music in
time
Which of the sections includes the largest number of instruments in a traditional orchestra
String, the string section of a standard orchestra usually has a minimum of 10 first violins, 8 second violins, 6 violas, 4 chellos, and 2 basses.
In treble clef staff, the lines are identified from bottom to top as
EGBDF- Every Good Boy Does Fine.
Bar lines are used to
mark of the grouping of beats
Blues music is a kind of jazz that evolved from the music of
Emerged in the early twentieth century from African-American work songs and spirituals. Blues was a form of communicating melancholic feelings.
Field Hollers
Slave work songs.
American functional folk instrument
familiar household item that is used to make music. Spoons, harmonica, jug, and washboard.
In the late 1920s what dramatically changed the film industry
in 1927 with the invention of talking films (talkies), the movie industry changed dramatically, . Vaudeville and Broadway stage performer Al Jolson produced and starred in teh first talking pictures.
A thrust stage
extends into the audience’s seating area, allowing the audience to surroud it on three sides.
Advantage of a teacher double casting a role is
to allow more students to participate in major parts of the play and to have a backup in case of emergency.
The benefit of having a class act out the scenes silently
get students more involved in the movements and feelings she wants them to express.
In the early 1900s most movies were made in
New York City and New Jersey
The cubist movement of the early twentieth century
incorporating sharp edges and straight lines, depicting nature in geometric terms. Using themes from the dimensional art of primitive peoples. Depicting subjects with solid shapes and detailed textures.
The axis line in a painting is
an imaginary line that controls the pat of eye movement through a composition.
The position of the light source
determines the direction of the shadow. The shadows are always on the side opposite the light.
The vanishing point in a drawing or painting is
the point at which parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.
Locomotor
traveling through space. Eight Basic Steps- walking, running, leaping, jumping, hopping, galloping, skipping, and sliding
Spacial Elements of Dance
Locomotor, Nonlocomotor, Combined Locomotor
Nonlocomotor
Staying in one place “on spot”; stretching, pushing, twisting, bending, kicking, sinking, or curling.
Combined Locomotor
often traditional folk steps; - two-step, paddle, grapevine, step-hop, chug, and spinning.
Time as an element of dance accounts for
rhythm, tempo, beat, meter, syncopation, rhapsodic rhythms.
Rhythm
countable patterns
Tempo
fast or slow speed
Beat
even or uneven
Meter
2/4 time, 3/4 time, etc.
Syncopation
a rhythmic pattern produced when a deliberate pattern is upset.
Rhapsodic Rhythms
non-metric (e.g. breath, water, or wind)
Levels as an Element of Dance account for
direction, form and shape, level, range, pathway, and focus.
Direction
forward, backward, up, down, sideways (vertical or horizontal), diagnol, straight, circle, out, in zigzag, or spiral.
Form and Shape
angular, rounded, twisted, bent, crooked, symmetrical, or asymmetrical
Level
high, medium, or low
Range
wide, narrow, big, or little
Pathway
floor, elevated, or air patterns
Focus
gaze, floor, or away
Force as an element of dance accounts for
quality of energy and degree of energy,
Quality of Energy
sustained (smooth), suspended (light), swing (under-curve), sway (over-curve), collapsed (loose), percussive (sharp), or vibrate (shudder)
Degree of Energy
strong, weak, heavy, light, dynamic, static, flowing, or tense.
Cultural Dance
often carry important historical significance from ancient civilizations.
Chinese cultural dance
ribbon dance
Polish cultural dance
Polonaise
Indian cultural dance
Kathakali
Wales cultural dance
Clogging
Irish cultural dance
Riverdances
Folk Dance
a cultural dance. Originated from medieval times when townspeople danced to celebrate.
Four factors for authentic folk dancing
- Dance movements must predate the nineteenth century.
- Dance is performed by peasants or royalty
- The choreography is derived from tradition.
- There is no teacher
Primary school folk dances
London Bridge, Hokey Pokey, Ring Around the Rosie, The Farmer in the Dell, BINGO, Pop Goes the Weasel, and Skip to my Lou
Modern Dance
born in the twentieth century. Is based upon the subjective interpretation of internalized feelings, emotions, and moods.
Theatrical Dance
is based on music, songs, dialogue, and dance. Ballet, jazz, tap, ethno-cultural, kabuki, Russian, and Celtic dance.
Social Dance
socializing is main focus, a dance partner is essential. Social dance styles include hip-hop, line dance, ballroom, waltz, foxtrot, tango, rumba, jive, and swing
Prehistory to Beginning of Middle Ages (AD 400)
Circle form. Early accompaniment came from drugs, harps, flutes, and chants. Reasons for dancing: social dance, ritual dance, fertility dance, harvest-related dancing
Middle Ages (500-1400 AD)
Folk dances rooted in fertility. Current examples: polka, square dances, historic dances, Cossack dance of Russia, polonaise of Poland, Czardas Hungarian tavern dance, and Mexican El Jarabe Tapatio (“hat dance”)
Renaissance (1400-1600)
Dancing evolved from pageants. Ballet developed in France (1500s) and moved to Italy. This led to the development of court dancing in Europe (nobility in a palace setting).
Adagio
Steps were slow
Allegro
Steps were fast
18th and 19th Centuries
Professional choreography at the Paris Opera (opera and dance); costuming; introduction of the walz (1-2-3) rhythm, court dance.
The era of Romanticism in Dance (1800s)
the continued evolution of ballet; emphasis on emotions and fantasy; pointe work, lightness in flight.
Early 20th century
Revolutionary aspects of early modern dance; primitive and expressive tone. During this period that ragtime jazz, the flapper era, and the Charleston
Abstract Dance
Art of pure movement, does not show a narrative story.
Arabesque
Ballet pose in which the dancer stands on one leg with one arm extended in front and the other leg and arm extended directly behind the body.
Attitude
A sance pose modeled after the statue of the winged Mercury by Giovanni Bologna
Barre distance from the ground
three and a half feet above the floor.
Choreography
the composing and arranging of movements, steps, and patterns of a dance for a performance.
Classical Dance
refers to romantic ballet. Imperial Russia, such as Tchaikovsky’s The Nutcracker and Swan Lake
Force
the force of energy that is released from the body (potential energy) causes a change in the body’s physical motion (kinetic energy)
Grand Jete en Tournant
the dancer body turns hallfway in midair so the dancer lands facing the direction in which the movement started.
Jete
A leap from one foot to the other in which the working leg is thrown away from the body and into the air.
Pas de Deux
a dance duet, classical ballet like Sleeping Beauty and Swan Lake
Passe
A “passing” movement position in which the foot passes from back to front, or vice versa.
Promenade
the dancer pivots slowly around on one foot while maintaining a pose with the working leg.
Spotting
a dancer’s eyes focusing on one point in distance in order to keep balance while turning.
Dynamics
is the volume or intensity of a tone. Music can be played loudly (forte) or softly (piano)
Harmony
is two or more tones played simultaneously that support the melody and give the music texture or mood.
Pitch
refers to hearing a note and being able ot reproduce it either vocally or with an instrument. As the frequency of vibrations change, the pitch changes.
Rhythm
is the pattern of musical movement through time. Rhythm is the way sounds beats within different lengths and accents that combine into patterns
Tempo
is the pace of the beat.
Presto Tempo
very fast
Allegro Tempo
fast
Moderato Tempo
moderate
Adagio Tempo
slow
Largo Tempo
very slow
Timbre
the unique tonal quality of a musical sound. It could be described as bright, shrill, brittle, or light; or it could be dull, harsh, forceful or dark.
Chamber music
played by one to twenty performers
Chord
several notes sounded together
Consonance
the combination of tones that produce a quality of relaxation
Dissonance
The combination of tones that produces a quality of tension
Fugue
is based upon a short theme called a subject. Contains both rhythmic and melodic motifs.
Lied
A type of German song
The subject is announced by one voice alone. A second voice then restates the subject, usually on a different scale. A third and tehn a fourth voice enter, each carrying the subject.
Fugue
Motifs
A recurring group of notes played at the beginning of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony
Opera
A drama, either tragic or comic, that is sung to an orchestral accompaniment.
Opus
A work, usually identified by a number.
Oratorio
A major orchestral piece with solo voices and chorus
Rondo
a musical form whose main feature is the return of the main theme, which alternates with secondary themes.
Simple Rondo
ABABA
Second Rondo
ABACA
Third Rondo
ABACABA
Sonata
typically, a multi-movement instrumental work for solo keyboard, or keyboard and another instrument, or small chamber ensemble
Song Form
The structure of a song in which the first section orf a simple ternary form is repeated- for example AABA.
Symphony
an elaborate musical composition, many of which are between 20 and 45 minutes in length. A classical symphony usually consists of 4 movements that are intended to stir up a wide range of emotions through contrast in tempo and mood.
Syncopation
A rhythmic effect produced when the expected rhythmic pattern is deliberately upset.
Strings Section
first violins, second violins, cello, double bass, and viola.
Stringed instruments that make a higher pitched sounds
violin and viola
Larger instruments that produce low, rich sounds
cello and double bass
Two instrumentss that are not a part of the string section
guitar and harp
Woodwind instruments
Clarinet, oboe, flute, saxophone, and bassoon
The smaller woodwinds
play higher pitches; flute and clarinet
The larger woodwind instruments
play lower notes; oboe, bassoon, and saxophone
Brass Section Instruments
French Horn, Trombone, Trumpet, and Tuba
Tusks, horns, shells, and wood are examples of
earliest forms of brass instruments
Percussion instruments include
Piano, xylophone, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, tambourine, bongos, conga, cowbells, chimes, claves, wood block, `and cymbals
Auditory skills
hearing the sound of music; being able to hear and reproduce he tones of music in their minds when no sound is actually being produced.
Translative skills
reading and writing music.
as children become familiar with reading and writing the language of music through notations, they develop cognitive associations of meaning.
Creative skills
composing and creating music both improvised and written music.
Performance skills
singing, playing instruments, body movement, conducting, and musical analysis
Musical selections should be chosen based on
the physical development of students’ voices.
Instrument-playing aids in understanding
the concepts of sound, pitch, rhthmn, and so on.
Moving to music promotes
the acuity of perceptions.
Conducting fosters
sensitivity to musical expression.
Sacred music was the most prevalent. Gregorian chant, phonic styles (monophonic, polyphonic, and chromatic style)
Middle Ages/Medieval (500-1400)
music and dnace were connected; new instruments included the keyboard (clavichord), and the lute
Renaissance Era (1400-1600)
Composers: Monteverdi, Handel, and Bach; opera, orchestra, sonata, secular music advances
Baroque Era (1600-1750)
Ochestra gained in importance. developmet of piano, sonato, Rococo style, trombone is introduced. Composers Hadyn, Mozart, and Beethoven.
Classical Era (1750-1820)
Composers: Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, and Schumann; Opera (verdi and Wagner). Themes from literature and folk tales
Romantic Period
Widening gap between “art” and popular music; technology allowed for mass appeal,
Modern Era (1900s)
The 7 Elements of Theatre
Acting, theatre, drama, improvisation, scriptwriting, technical support tools, and stage
Technical support tools
costumes, sets, lights, props, makeup, and sound.
Open air amphitheaters, masked were used to show age and emotion, women were barred from acting, violence took place off stage
Ancient Greek Theatre (600-400 BC)
Women were allowed minor parts, mass appeal/impressive theatres, stage at ground level with raised seating error
Roman Theatre (300 BC - AD 500)
Theatre buildings not permitted, open stage areas, traveling groups, the theatre was used to educate regarding religious events not to entertain.
Medieval Theatre (500-1400)
Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman art, culture, and literature. Open stages “apron stages” with painted sets and scenery. Situational and secular works led by Protestant Reformation
Renaissance and Reformation Theatre (1400-1600)
Theatre was supported by Queen Elizabeth, language of the educated, satire. Playwrights included Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson, and William Shakespeare. Globe Theatre (open-air)
Elizabethan Theatre
Theatre architecture evolved in France, artificial lighting, theatres began to be roofed, stage was raised above the audience. Playwrights Racine and Moliere
Restoration England: 1660s
Art of acting became prominent, plays more often dealt with ordinary people, and commercial theatre evolved.
Eighteenth Century
Technology changed the theatre (gas lighting was changed to electrical; mechanisms were created for changing scenery), growth of melodrama, actor became more important than the author, playhouses and touring actors
Nineteenth Century
Serious drama, comedy, commercial theatres, actor’s studio, experimental theatre, ensemble theatre, and community theatre. New movements such as realism, naturalism, symbolism, and impressionism.
Twentieth Century
Arena staging
the audience surrounds the playing area
Aristotelian theatre
includes clear, simple plotting; strong characters; high levels of intellectual content, and a minimum of spectable.
Block (verb)
to decide upon the gross movements of actors upon the stage; assign the physical relationshi of actors and the locations of entrance and exits
Broadway Theatre
a profit making enterprise in which shares of a production are sold to investors with the expectations that after meeting the initial expenses of production they will recieve substantial return on investments.
Chorus (theatre)
a group of characters in a play who comment ont the action frequeently speaking directly to the audience. Seldom have individual names, can view with horror or amusement the action of the major characers.
Company
all of the people associated with producing a play. Designers, technicians, directors, stage managers, and actors.
Connotative meaning
symbols that are vague in terms of strict defintion, but rich in portic meaning. evokes an emotional response.
Conventions
The temporary “rules” of the performance. Specific to particular cultures, styles of theatre, and even individual productions
Creative Drama
students improvise scenes for their own growth and edificiation not that of an audience.
Denouement
the last remaining loose ends are “tied up” including the disposition of any unresolving conflicts and the restablishment of stasis.
Director
the major interprative figure, provide artistic meaning ot the theatre experience.
Downstage
the portion of the stage closest to the audience.
Dramatic Criticism
commentary on a play or script intended to enrichthe experience of seeing the play or reading the script by others.
Dramatic Question
raises the issue of which of the conflicting parties will prevail and in doing so begins to develop suspense.
Environmental staging
Dictate that audience and performers use the same space during the course of the experience.
Exposition
the playwriting decice of providing information to the audience ( retrospective and acurrent )
Kabuki
Classical Japanese theatre form that combines colorful song and dance, flamboyant characters, and extravagant plots.
Melodrama
between tragedy and dram. The moral stance is always clear; the good characters are very good, the bad ones very bad.
Neoclassic Drama
attempted to recapture the glory of theatre in ancient Greece and Rome. Unities (action, place, time)
Orchestra
the lowest and usually most expensive array of seats directly in front of the stage.
Pastoral Play
Italian Renaissance; set in the countryside populated by nymphs, satyrs, shepherds, shepherdesses, and wandering knights.
Pit
the portion of the theatre immediately in front of the stage. Occupied by patrons who paid the lowest admission fee now called the orchestra.
Proscenium arch
major architectural feature of Western theatres since the Renaissance. An opening in the wall between two rooms.
Restoration comedy
is known for its glittering language, salacious plots, and frequently debauched characters. English Restoration
Revolving stage
a portion of the stage constructed so that it rotates around a pivot. Many uses most frequent being to change settings.
Rising Action
the portion of the plot that begins with the inciting incident and continues until the climax.
Stage Left
Left of an actor facing the audience. Audience Right.
Stage Right
Right of an actor facing the audience. Audience Left.
Thrust Staging
some part of the stage extends into, and is surrounded by the audience.
Upstage
farthest from the audience.
Vomitoria
were the tunnels that allowed the audience to enter and exit the large
Balance
is a sense of visual stability in a composition.
Formal Balance
gives the feeling that the weight is equally distributed.
Informal balance
there is a visual emphasis, or pull to one side of the composition.
Contrast
represents two things that are opposite. Depict two dramatic differences.
Emphasis
draws your eye to a visual focal point. It stands out and grabs your attention.
Pattern
objects in a composition that are repeated. Viewers can visually recognize what may appear next.
Unity
sense that all components of a composition belong together. The elements of art such as shape, line, and color appear to fit together as the viewer gazes upon the piece of art.
Perspective: Linear
a technique for representing 3-d objects on a flat surface. The technique shows that when converging lines meet at a single vanishing point, the human eye perceives objects at a distance.
Perspective: Atmospheric or Aerial
used to create depth and dimension. Artists use overlapping, color, size, and contrast to reproduce the effects of distant objects.
Hue
a particular point on the color spectrum.
Intensity
describes the brillianceor dullness of color.
Value
the lightness or darkness of color
Primary colors
red, yellow, and blue
Secondary colors
orange, green, and violet
Tertiary colors
mixing secondary colors tend to be muted or grayish.
Complementary colors
are pairs of colors that sit opposite one another on the color wheel and do not share any common characteristics.
Shape
two dimensions, height and width
Form
three dimensions height, weight, and depth
Contour lines
create dimension
Texture
the way a composition may actually feel. Three-dimensional art has a tactile quality.
Space
gives the artwork a feeling of depth. Artists use both positive and negative space to influence how an object might appear.
Negative Space
the space between or around the object,,
Ancient Greece and Rome
architecture (Parthenon, Coliseum, aqueducts), sculpture, pottery, painting, frescoes
Eastern Roman Empire
religious imagery, mosaics, elongated bodies, gold leaf, and triptych
Gothic Art
church was sole patron of the arts, human body shape was used to communicate emotions, stained glass windows, majestic cathedrals, and flying buttress
Renaissance art
development of (Florence, Venice, ect.) art influenced by religion, humanism, marble sculpture, oil paintings, and eff tempera.
Baroque Art
Italy and Germany; counter-reformation, naturalism, romanticism, Rococo
Impressionism
influenced by science, principles of harmony, emphasis on primary colors. Manet, Monet, Renoir, Cassatt, and Degas.
Post-Impressionism
paints indoors or outside, emotions through the use of color/swirling color/thick applications, and narrow spectrum of viewing. vaan Gogh; Cauguin, Cezanne
Twentieth Century
Fauvism, cubism, surrealism, abstract impressionism, “op” art, and American Regional Art
Cubism
overlapping geometric forms, fragmentation of form, influenced by African tribal arts
Surrealism
evolved from Dada art; workings of the subconscious mind through fantastic imagery. Salvador Dali - di
Abstract Impressionism
“dribbles, splatters, splashes” everyday objects to apply to art; influenced by Navajo sand paintings; examples Pollock, de Kooning, and Kandinsky.
Fauvism
influenced by the technology of the early 20th century; expansion of color- assertive brush,
“Pop” art
“why is art?” reaction against abstract paintings (soup cans, comics); Warhol, Lichtenstein, acrylics.
American Regional Art
(from the 1930s) rural art, everyday life. Grant Wood.
Neo-impressionism
tiny dots of primary colors to produce secondary colors; colors placed in scientifically measured dots (Georges Seurat)
Rococo
1750-1800s influenced by the French revolution and industrial revolution. Salons; carefree lifestyle/high fashion; moved away from Baroque heroic subjects and dark color, moved to more delicate/ pale colors. the theme of romantic love.
Humanism
depictions of the natural world; study of light and perspective; complex and crowded space.
Frescoes
tempera painting with egg tempera as a binder; illuminated manuscripts,
Counter-Reformation
against Protestantism- paintings of faith/martyrs.
