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Physiology Modules 3-5 > Visual > Flashcards

Visual Flashcards

1
Q

Where is sensation of vision located?

A

Occipital lobe

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2
Q

Visible wavelengths

A

400-750nm

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3
Q

what is the fibrous capsule composed of

A

the sclera (whites of eyes) and the cornea

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4
Q

what does the cornea do

A

refract light onto the retina

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5
Q

What/where is the aqueous humor and what is the purpose of it

A

In front of the lens, under the cornea is salty water to maintain interocular eye pressure

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6
Q

Constriction of pupil

A

Improved depth focus

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7
Q

Convergence of eyes

A

Objects remain in focus on corresponding parts of the two retina (go cross eyed)

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8
Q

Vitreous humor

A

jelly like main part of eye, maintains interocular pressure

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9
Q

what does the retina do?

A

Receives light and turns it into neural signals, is an outgrowth of the thalamus

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10
Q

Fovea

A

Has highest resolution of vision and densest number of CONE photoreceptors

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11
Q

Optic nerve (cranial nerve II)

A

where ganglia cells from the retina leave the retina and goes to the brain

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12
Q

What is the Choroid and pigment epithelium

A

Choroid: vascular layer of eye between sclera and retina

Pigment epithelium: deepest layer of retina, black to absorb light so theres no refraction

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13
Q

Cataract

A

Cells die in the lens and becomes opaque

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14
Q

Accomodation (in near response)

A

contraction/relaxation of ciliary muscle and loss of tension on zonular fibres to alter lens shape (more spherical) and change refractive power

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15
Q

Constriction of pupil

A

Improved depth focus

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16
Q

How does the neural component of eye work?

A

converts light energy into patterned changes of membrane potential that the brain can decode to create visual perceptions

17
Q

Rods detect what light (dark or bright)

A

detect light in low light (not colour sensitive)

18
Q

Cones

A

detect colours in bright light - have S, M and L receptors (short medium long)

19
Q

Photopigments

- hint (opsin + vit A)

A

Makes photoreceptors light sensitive made of an opsin and retinal
Rods: Rhodopsin
Cones: Photopsin

20
Q

Rod phototransduction (in the dark)

A

In absense of light, 11-cis retinal is non-activated, intracellular cGMP levels are high and open cGMP-gated channels allowing influx of Na, depolarising the cell and glutamate is constantly released onto bipolar cells

21
Q

Cone phototransduction

A

In light, retinal changes to active all-trans isoform which activates transducin which tells cGMP phosphodiesterase to break down cGMP = causing closing of cGMP gated channels and hyperpolarising the cell reducing glutamate release

22
Q

Cone phototransduction (in the dark)

A

In absense of light, 11-cis retinal is non-activated, intracellular cGMP levels are high and open cGMP-gated channels allowing influx of Na, depolarising the cell and glutamate is constantly released onto bipolar cells

23
Q

Cone phototransduction (in the light)

A

In light, retinal changes to active all-trans isoform which activates transducin which cGMP phosphodiesterase to break down cGMP = causing closing of cGMP gated channels and hyperpolarising the cell due to K+ leakage, reducing glutamate release. This acts as a signal that light is present.

24
Q

Colour blindness can be i……… or a…………

A

Inheirited (congenital) or aquired (due to disease and damage to the optic nerve or retina)

25
Q

Colour blindness can be i……… or a…………

A

Inherited (congenital) or acquired (due to disease and damage to the optic nerve or retina)

26
Q

Diseases that damage the optic nerve or retina

A

Glaucoma: increase in pressure in aqueous humor
Diabetes
Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s

27
Q 
Visual pathway (5 locations)
- R, SC, LGN, SN, Pr
A

Retinal ganglion cell axons leave retina at the optic nerve and send axons to parts of brain to the -

Superior colliculus: coordinates rapid movement and tells you to react to visual stimuli
Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus: decides what information is worthy to be processed and is then send to the occipital lobe

Suprachiasmatic nucleus: involved in circadian rhythms
Pretectum: coordinates pupillary light reflex

28
Q 
Visual pathway (5 locations)
- R, SC, LGN, SN, Pr
A 
Retinal ganglion cell axons leave retina at the optic nerve and send axons to parts of brain to the:
Superior colliculus
Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Pretectum
29
Q

Superior colliculus

A

coordinates rapid movement and tells you to react to visual stimuli

30
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

A

decides what information is worthy to be processed and is then send to the occipital lobe

31
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Involved in circadian rhythms

32
Q

Pretectum

A

coordinates pupillary light reflex

33
Q

What is the blind spot

A

where the axons from the retina leave and head to parts of the brain (optic nerve/optic disc)

Physiology Modules 3-5 (7 decks)

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