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Physiology Modules 3-5 > Hearing > Flashcards

Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound?

A

pressure waves in the atmosphere

zones of rarefaction and zones of compression create sound waves

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2
Q

Frequency/pitch

A

number of waves per second measured in Hertz

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3
Q

Loudness/volume/intensity

A

amplitude of the waves

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4
Q

Frequency range we can hear

A

20Hz to 20,000Hz

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5
Q

Optimal range of hearing/volume of speech

A

500Hz to 5000Hz

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6
Q

Speech dB

A

60dB

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7
Q

Air filled cavities of ear (2)

A

Outer and middle air

  • external auditory canal
  • middle air cavity from auditory (eustachian) tube from the pharynx
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8
Q

Fluid filled cavities of ear (1 region, 3 cavities and type of fluid)

A 
Inner ear
Scala vestibuli (perilymph)
Scala tympani (perilymph)
Cochlear duct (endolymph)
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9
Q

Name of ear drum

A

Tympanic membrane

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10
Q

Ossicles

what, function and names

A

3 small bones in middle air cavity ear, vibrations are transmitted through these from ear drum to cochlea
- malleus, incus and stapes

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11
Q

What is the Origin of Corti

A

Neural apparatus responsible for sound transduction

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12
Q

Origin of Corti membranes (2)

A

tectorial membrane and basilar membrane

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13
Q

Stereocilia - where and function

A

Project from hair cells in the origin of corti responsible for beginning sound transduction pathways

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14
Q

What do sheer forces do?

A

perpendicular to a surface, deflect the stereocilia and cause a mechanical shift

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15
Q

Sound waves reaching cochlea

A

Sound vibrations cause a pressure change in the fluid in the scala vestibuli, causing a bowing displacement into the cochlea duct, displacement of the basilar membrane (part of origin of corti) bending the stereocilia

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16
Q

Deflection of stereocilia to neural output

A

Bending of the hair cells cause the opening of mechanically gates K+ channels causing influx of potassium. This depolarises the cell and causes voltage gated Ca+ channels to open, and the Ca+ triggers release of vesicles containing the neurotransmitter glutamate which is released onto afferent neuron fibres (cochlear nerve)

17
Q

Endolymph (in cochlea duct)

A

very similar to ICF fluid so has a high K+ concentration and low Ca+ concentration

18
Q

Perilymph

A

very similar to ECF fluid so has high conc of Ca+ and low K+

19
Q

Central pathway

A

Depolarisation of hair cells release glutamate onto afferent nerve fibres on cochlear nerve, synapses onto auditory receptors on the cochlea nucleus located in the brain stem. These axons project to the lateral meniscus to the medial genicular body, then project to the primary auditory cortex.

20
Q

Start of the basilar membrane detects high or low frequency?

A

Start of basilar membrane is stiff and tight and narrow and good at detecting high frequencies

21
Q

End of the basilar membrane detects high or low frequency?

A

End of the basilar membrane becomes wider and more floppy/loose and can detect low frequencies

22
Q

Discrimination of pitch (frequency) is determined by?

A

The activity in hair cells at specific points on basilar membrane

23
Q

Direction of sound

A

the sound source is indicated by time difference in activation of receptors in each ear and by intensity differences

24
Q

Deafness definition

A

Raised threshold to sound stimuli

25
Q

Deafness may be due to: (2)

A
  • Blockage or infection

- Impaired sound transmission through outer or middle air (conduction deafness)

26
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Damage to receptors or neural pathways - due to meningitis, tumors, or exposure to loud noises

27
Q

Acoustic neuroma aka vestibular schwannoma

A

benign brain tumor on vestibulocochlear nerve

  • tinnitus
  • hearing loss in one ear
28
Q

Glomus Tympanicum

A

Growth behind the tympanic membrane

29
Q

Ear Canal Cancer

A

Need to remove auditory canal, ear drum and ossicles resulting in permanent hearing loss
- very rare with 5 year survival rate at 35%

30
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

maintains air pressure between middle air and outside air (from pharynx)

31
Q

What does the amount of displacement of the basilar membrane depend on?

A

Amplitude of the sound

Physiology Modules 3-5 (7 decks)

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