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Physiology Of Vision > Vision SESE > Flashcards

Vision SESE Flashcards

0
Q

Covers posterior surface of the eye lids and anterior surface of the sclera
- mucus membrane which serves as moist layer of epithelial tisue that has multiple functions or aborption and secretion

A

Conjunctiva

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1
Q

Stimulus
Cranial nerve 2
Visual cortex
Vision

A

Transduction

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2
Q

Formed by connective tissue and covers the posterior 5/6 of the globe

  • continous with the dur matter
  • perforated by many nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen
A

Sclera

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3
Q

Anterior structure and is composed of a circular diaphragm with a pupil

A

Iris

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4
Q

Inner aspect contain of light that enters

A

Iris

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5
Q

Inner aspect contain ciliary processes which secrete aqueous humor

A

Ciliary body

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6
Q

Vascular layer

A

Choroid

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7
Q

Sensory

- contains nerves is transparent

A

Retina

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8
Q

Where the optic nerve exits iut of the eyeball, blind spot, no iion at this point

A

Optic disc

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9
Q

Most sensitive spot wher the ones are concentrated

A

Macula

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10
Q

An area of depression at the center of the macula

A

Fovea

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11
Q

2 main blood suulies of the retina

A

Central retinal artery

Choroidal arteries

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12
Q

Structure anterior to the lens and zonula

A

Anterior chamber

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13
Q

All structures posterior to the lens and onula

A

Posterior chamber

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14
Q

A crystalline structure that divides the anterior and posterior hamber

  • biconvex
  • covered by a capsule
  • reponsible for the principle of accomodation
A

Lens

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15
Q

Lens suspended from the ciliary bidy by fine delicate fibers called

A

Zonule or suspensory ligament

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16
Q

Maintains sufficient pressure in the eyeball to keep ir distended

A

Fluid system of the eye

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17
Q

Ciliary process mainly produce this

A

Aqueuos humor

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18
Q

Component of aqueous humor

A

98.9% water

Protein, glucose, Na, K, Cl,

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19
Q

Ascorbic osmotic pressure is higher than

A

Plasma

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20
Q

Aqueous humor produced at ______ which should be matched by draining____ to maintain ______

A

2-3uL/ min
2.5uL/ min
10-20 mmHg IOP

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21
Q

Clear gel that makes up about 80% of the eyes volume

A

Posterior

Vitreous humor

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22
Q

Active secretion of Na involving ATP

A

Formation of aqueous humor

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23
Q

Vitreous humor formed as an active secretionby the epthelium of the

A

Ciliary process

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24
Q

Vitreos humor secretions start with active transport of

A

Sodium ingo spaces between epithelial cells

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25
Q

Pull the cholride and bucarbonate ions cause osmosis of water from blood

A

Sodium ions

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26
Q

Flow of humor

A 
Pupil
Lens
Cornea and iris
Trabecular meshwork
Canal of schelm
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27
Q

Determined by the coupling of the production of aqueous humor

A

IOP

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28
Q

Drainage of the aqueous humor mainly through the

A

Trabecular meshwork

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29
Q

Eye conitions that lead to damage to the optic nerve

  • IOP high
  • tunnel vision
A

Glaucoma

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30
Q

Patho of glauoma

A

Scleral sinus is blocked
Pressure in the anterior and posterior chambers
Vitreous body presses the retina against the choroid and compresses the blood vessels that feed the retina

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31
Q

Visible spectrum

A

380-760

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32
Q

Bending of wave when it enters a meium at an angulatedbangle

A

Refraction

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33
Q

If light rays travels to an angulated surface,

A

Refraction of the ray will also occur

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34
Q

Speed light is altered by a change in the

A

Optical medium

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35
Q

Kapag tumagos taos yung light

A

The rays enter without deviating from their course.

The only effect that occurs is decreased velocity of transmission

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36
Q

Ratio of the speed of light in the air to a speed of light to a substance

A

Refractive index

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37
Q

Example of convex lens
- all the light rays are bent towards the center
-

A

Convex lens
Converging
Thicker middle

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38
Q

The nearer the light rays to the center

A

Smaller theangulation that each create

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39
Q

Light rays that enters the convex lens at the center is

A

Not refracted

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40
Q

All the light rays are bent away fom the center,

A

Concave lens
Diverging
Thinner middle

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41
Q

The pupil can change its size and the lens can change its curvature forming an image on the retina

A

In the eye

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42
Q

Light rays coming from an object passes through the shutter to form an image on film

A

In a camera

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43
Q

When all the refractive surfaces of the eye are added together and considered as one lens

A

Reduced eye

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44
Q

Greater a lens bends light rays, the greater the referactive power which is measured in

A

Diopters

45
Q

Power lens

A

1/f

46
Q

Distance from lens to area where the light rys converge

A

F- focal length

47
Q

Greater refractive power

A

Smaller focal length

48
Q

Toral refractive power

A

59 diopters

49
Q

2/3 refractive power of the eye

A

Cornea 1.38

50
Q 
Vitreous humor
Lens
Aqueous humor
Cornea
Air
A
  1. 34
  2. 40
  3. 33
  4. 38
  5. 00
51
Q

Which part of the eye has the greatest refractive power?

A

Cornea

52
Q

Significant refractive power

A

Aq humor
Lens
Vit humor

53
Q

Power of lens is only

A

20 diopters

54
Q

Lens accomodation

A

Up to 34 diopters

55
Q

Elastic, filled with transparent fluid

A

Lens

56
Q

Pull on lens and make it less convex

A

Suspensory ligaments

57
Q

Subkects can focus on near objects because of

A

Increase in focal power

58
Q

When you pull zonule fibers, mking the lens

A

More convex

59
Q

Kapag near focus ang lens

A

Hinihila ng zonule fibers at ciliary muscles

60
Q

From original of 20 diopters can be increased to

A

34 diopters in children

61
Q

This ability decreases as we ge

A

14D up to 40 years
2D at 40-50 years
0D at 70 years

62
Q

Occurs in elderly due to inability of lens to accommodate.

Double vista

A

Presbyopia

63
Q

Degree to which the details and contours of objects are perceived

A

Visual acuity

64
Q

2 lines can be separated and still be perceived as

A

2 lines

65
Q

Visual acuity, clinically ecaluated using

A

Snellen chart

66
Q

describes the state of vision where an object at infinity is in sharp focus with the eye lens in a neutral or relaxed state

A

Emmetropia

67
Q

Distant objects are in sharp focus on the retina

A

Relaxed ciliary muscle

68
Q

Near objects are in sharp focus to the retina.

Parasympathetic innervation

A

Contracted cilary muscle

69
Q

Far sightedness

Image s focused behind the retina

A

Hyperopia/hypermetropia

70
Q

Correction of hyperopia

A

Converging lens + D lenses ( convex)

71
Q

Nearsightedness
Far objects focused in front of retina
Lens with too much refractive power eyeball too long

A

Myopia

72
Q

Correction of myopia

A

Diverging lens D- lenses ( concave)

73
Q

Too great a curvature of the cornea in one plane of the eye, spherical aberation where you have multiple focal points

A

Astigmatism

74
Q

Generally narrower and longer

Low visual acuity

A

Rods

75
Q

Foveal region, narrow and long

High visual acuity

A

Cones

76
Q

Photosensitive chemical

Color pigment

A

Rhodopsin

77
Q

Where discs of cell membranes are found contain rhodopsin and color pigments

A

Outer segment

78
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles

A

Inner segment

79
Q

Connected to neurons

A

Synaptic body

80
Q

Molecule responsible for its color

A

Opsin protein

Chromophore

81
Q

These pigments are sensitive to light and are composed of an OPSIN protein and a carotenoid pigment called

A

11 cis retinal

82
Q

Only form that can bind rhodopsin

A

Cis

83
Q

Rhodopsin

Scotopsin

A

Rods

84
Q

Color pigment

Photopsin

A

Cones

85
Q

Allows you to bind scotopsin properly

A

11 cis retinal

86
Q

Photosensitive chemical

A

Opsin protein retinal

87
Q

When light is absorbed by rhodopsin

A 
Decomposition
Barthorhodopsin
Lumirhodopsin
Metarhodopsin I
Metarhoopsin II
88
Q

Begins the neural activity

Electrical changes transmit the visual image into the CNS as an action potential

A

Metarhodopsin II

89
Q

Pathway 1

A

All trans retinal
Retinal isomerase
11 cis retinal

90
Q

Pathway 2

A

All trans retinol
Isomerase
11 cis retinol
11 is retinal

91
Q

Hyperpolarization

Increase negativity of membrane due to decrease permeability to Na+

A

Exitation of Rods

92
Q

Pumps Na out

A

Inner segment

93
Q

Leaky to Na

A

Outer segment

94
Q

More negative
Rhodopsin decomposes- metarhodopsin II
Basta lumalabas yung sodium outer and inner

A

Hyperpolarizing

95
Q

Non gated channels

Net effect potential

A

K in the cell

96
Q

CGMP dependent on the absence or presence of light
Dark state
Light state

A

Leaky

Closed

97
Q

Vitamin A role in formation of Rhodopsin

A

Cytoplasm
For new retinal
Excess retnal back to Vit. A

98
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness

99
Q

Layers of retina

A

INGIIOOEPR

100
Q

Contains amocrine cells

A

Inner plexiform

101
Q

Contains horizontal cells

A

Outer plexiform

102
Q

Rods and cones which are photosensitive cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy

A

Receptor cells

103
Q

Mechanism for lateral inhibition

High visual accuracy in transmitting contrast borders in the visual image

A

Horizontal cell

104
Q

Vertical direction

From rods, cones and horizontal cells to the ganglion and amacrine cells

A

Bipolar cells

105
Q

Contra palagi ang bipolar cells at horizontal cells

A

Must know

106
Q

Interneurons that analyze visual signals before they leave retina

A

Amacrine cells

107
Q

Bipolar to ganglion cell

A

Vertical amacrine

108
Q

Within the inner plexiform layer

A

Horizontal amacrine

109
Q

Differentiates a steady light, a flickering light, on and off light

A

Change in illumination

110
Q

Axons generate to the optic nerve

Send repetitive action potentials to the CNS

A

Ganglion cells

111
Q

The rest of the retinal cells conduct their visual signals via

A

Electronic conduction

Voltage dependent conduction

Physiology Of Vision (2 decks)

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