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Brain Anatomy 1 > Vision (Kapitel 10) > Flashcards

Vision (Kapitel 10) Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is the ‘Cornea’?

A

The transparrent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed. It bends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina.

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2
Q

What part of the outer eye is described as:” A structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the retina”?

A

The Lens.

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3
Q

With light in mind, what is a ‘refraction’?

A

The bending of light rays by change in the density of a medium, such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes.

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4
Q

‘The ciliary muscle’ controls?

A

The shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing an image on the retina.

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5
Q

‘The extraocular muscle’ is attached to? and control?

A

Attached to the eyeball that control its position and movements.

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6
Q

The retina inside the eye contains?

A

Photoreceptors and other neurons.

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7
Q

What “role” does ‘rods’ in the retina play?

A

Rods are a class of light-sensitive receptor cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that are most active at low levels of light.

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8
Q

What “role” does ‘cones’ in the retina play?

A

Cones are a class of photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision.

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9
Q

‘Bipolar cells’ behind the rods and cones, can be described as?

A

A class of interneurons of the retina that receive information from rods and cones and pass the information to retinal ganglion cells.

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10
Q

Photoreceptors respond to?

A

Light.

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11
Q

Axons in ganglionic cells in the retina, form?

A

The optic nerve.

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12
Q

What is the difference between the scotopic system and the photopic system?

A

The scotopic system, is a system in the retina that operates at low levels of light and involves the rods, whereas the photopic in the retina, operates at high levels of light. The photopic system shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones.

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13
Q

So, if i just say: Scotopic, photopic and rods and cones. Then what fits together?

A

Scotopic System -> Rods.

Photopic System -> Cones.

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14
Q

Amacrine cells are?

A

Specialized retinal cells that contact both the bipolar cells and ganglion cells, and are especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina.

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15
Q

rhodopsin is the?

A

Photopigment in rods that responds to light.

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16
Q

There is second kind of retinal, that means someting different.. What is that?

A

It is a abbreviation for retinaldehyde, one of the two components of photopigments in the retina. Also called vitamin A aldehyde.

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17
Q

The are two components of photopigment in the retina. One is for retinaldehyde (retinal) the other one is called?

A

Opsin.

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18
Q

‘Range fraction hypothesis’ is?

A

A hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities. (not quite correct)

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19
Q

Photoreceptor adaptation is?

A

The tendency of rods and cones, to adjust their light sensitivity to match ambient levels of illumination.
(p. 296).

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20
Q

What is the ‘fovea’?

A

The central portion of the retina, packed with the most photoreceptors and therefore the center of our gaze.

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21
Q

What is meant by the ‘optic disc’?

A

The region of the retina devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there. (has to do with the blind spot).

22
Q

Lateral inhibition is?

A

The phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors, producing contrast at the edges of regions.

23
Q

The optic chiasm is?

A

The point at which the optic nerves meet.

24
Q

The optic tract is?

A

The axons of retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chiasm; most terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).

25
Q

What and were is the ‘lateral geniculate nucleus’?

A

It is the part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas in the occipital cortex.

26
Q

Fill in the gaps (X’s):
Axons of retinal ganglion cells -> X -> Optic tract -> X -> Superior colliculus -> Striate cortex via the optic radiations -> X -> Calcarine Sulcus

A
  1. Optic Chiasm
  2. Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
  3. Primary Visual Cortex (V1)
27
Q

What and were is occipital lobe?

A

It is a large of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere, specialized for visual processing.

28
Q

What can you say of the extrastriate cortex?

A

Visual cortex, outside of the primary visual (striate) cortex. (Has to do with form, color and location).

29
Q

Hvad sagde Voldemort da han kom ind i Plantorama?

A

“Dav. Har-i-potter?”

30
Q

Hvad hedder den sværeste position i Yoga?

A

Den sultne munk.

31
Q

What is the difference between an ‘on-center bipolar cell’ and an ‘off-center bipolar cell’?

A

An on-center bipolar cell is a retinal bipolar cell that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field, whereas an off-center bipolar cell a retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the center its receptiv field.

32
Q

What is the difference between an ‘on-center ganglion cell’ and an ‘off-center ganglion cell’?

A

An on-center ganglion cell is activated when light is presented to the center, whereas an off-center ganglion cell is activated when light is presented to the periphery, rather than the center, of the cell’s receptive field.

33
Q

What is the difference between ‘on-center/off-surround’ and ‘off-center/on-surround ‘’?

A

On-center/off-surround refers to a concentric receptive field in which the center excites the cell of interest while the surround inhibits it.

Off-center/on-surround on the other hand, refers to a concentric receptive field in which the center inhibits the cell of interest while the surround excites it.

(p. 304).

34
Q

The LGN (bonus; which is?) is called Parvocellular, that means it consists of?

A

Relatively small cells.

bonus answar: LGN stands for, lateral geniculate cortex

35
Q

Magnocelluar on the other hand, means?

A

Of or consisting of relatively large cells.

36
Q

Is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) closest to Thalamus or the lateral ventricle?
How many layer does LGN have?

A

Thalamus and 6 layers.

p. 305

37
Q

Who have said:” When 900 years old you reach, look as good as me, you will not” og “Adventure. Excitement. A jedi craves not these things”?

A

Yoda.

38
Q

What function does a ‘Simple Cortical cell’ have?

A

It is also called bar detector or edge detector. It is a cell in the visual cortex that responds best to an edge or a bar that has a particular width, as well as a particular orientation and location in the visual field.

39
Q

Spatial-frequency filter model is?

A

A model of pattern analysis that emphasizes Fourier analysis of visual stimuli. (p. 307)

40
Q

What is meant by ‘ocular dominance column’?

note that is does not say, bi-ocular

A

It is region of cortex i which one eye or the other provides a greater degree of synaptic input.

41
Q

What is, then, a ‘ocular dominance slab’?

A

It is a slab of visual cortex, about 0.5 mm wide, in which the neurons of all layers respond preferentially to stimulation of one eye.

42
Q

What is described as:” A column of visual cortex that responds to rod-shaped stimuli of a particular orientation”?

A

Orientation column.

43
Q

‘Hue’, means?

bonus; what about ‘brightness’ and ‘saturation’?

A

One of the three dimensions of light perception, varying around the color circle trough blue, green, yellow, orange and red.

(brightness -> from dark to light)
(saturation -> from rich to pale)

(p. 315).

44
Q

The ‘trichromatic hypothesis’ says that?

A

It is a hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones, each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain.

(one half of the current theories of color vision)

45
Q

The ‘opponent-process hypothesis’ states that?

A

Color vision depends on systems that produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths.

46
Q

‘A model of the connections of wavelength discrimination systems in the primate retina’, can be found on page?

A

319.

47
Q

What is a ‘spectrally opponent cell’?

A

It is a visual receptor cell that has opposite firing responses to different regions of the spectrum.

48
Q

What is it called, when one has difficulty using vision to reach and manipulate objects?

A

Optic ataxia.

49
Q

‘Myopia’ is?

A

Nearsightedness; the inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away.

50
Q

Amblyopia is?

A

Reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments.

Brain Anatomy 1 (9 decks)

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