Motor Control and Plasticity (Kapitel 11) Flashcards
By the early nineteenth century, scientists knew that the dorsal roots of the spinal cord transmit X and that the ventral roots contain X.
Name the X’s.
Første X = sensory information
Andet X = motor fibers
What is meant by the term ‘Spinal Animal’?
An animal whose spinal cord has been surgically disconnected from the brain, to enable the study of behaviors that do not require brain control.
What is meant by ‘motor plan’?
Also called motor program; Is a complex set of commands to muscles that is established before the behavior starts.
What does EMG stand for?
And what does it measure?
Electromyography. The electrical recording of muscle activity.
Explan the difference between a ‘closed-loop control mechanism’ and a ‘open-loop control mechanism’?
Whereas the ‘closed-loop control mechanism’, is a control mechanism that provides a flow of information from whatever is being controlled to the device that controls it (fx. keeping a car within the road), the ‘open-loop control mechanism’ is a mechanism in which feedback from the output of the system is not provided to the input control (throwing a ball in ‘høvdingebold’ for example).
A ballistic movement is often organized or programmed in the?
Cerebellum.
Try if you can recollect (perhaps draw) the hierarchy of movement control. (Maybe just do through, what is implicated in order to dance.. )
See. p. 330, bottom corner.
Smooth mucsle is controlled by the?
autonomic nervous system.
Hvilket tøj syr man af nervøs velour?
Bangebukser.
.. Joke fra nettet
What is ‘tendon’?
Strong tissue that connects muscles to bone.
What does an antagonist do, as oppose to a synergist? (Muscle-wise..)
An antagonist muscle counteracts the effect of another muscle, whereas a synergist acts together with another muscle.
(p. 331-332).
Decribe the appearance of a ‘striated muscle’.
A striated muscle has a striped appearance, generally under voluntary control.
Myosin is?
A protein that, along with actin, mediates the contraction of muscle fibers.
Actin is?
A protein that, along with (yes) myosin, mediates the contraction of muscle fibers.
Explain what fast-twitch muscle fibers is, as oppose to slow twitch muscle fibers. And perhaps, in what sports are one of them more important than the other.
Fast-twitch muscle fibers contracts rapidly, but fatigues readily (weightlifter, Usain Bolt) . It is the other way around with slow-twitch fibers (Marathon runners and such)
Where can motorneurons be found?
In the brain or spinal cord. It transmit motor messages to a muscle.
Hvad kalder man en mandling havfrue?
En merMATE.
suk
ACh stands for?
acetylcholine.
acetylcholine is a?
Neurotransmitter.
Released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, by motor neurons and throughout the brain
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is?
The region where the motorneuron terminal and the adjoining muscle fiber meet; the point where the nerve transmits its messages to the muscular fiber.
What is meant by ‘innervation ratio’ ?
again, it has to do with muscle..
The ratio expressing the number of muscle fibers innervated by a single(!) motor axon.
What it the ‘final common pathway’?
The information-processing pathway consisting of all the motorneurons in the body. Motorneurons are known by this collective term because they receive and integrate all motor signals from the brain and then direct movement accordingly.
What is meant by ‘Proprioception’?
Ian, in the beginning of chapter 11, suffered from problems with this
Body sense.; information about the position and movement of the body that is sent to the brain.
Name what is described as:” A muscle receptor that lies parallel to a muscle and sends impulses to the central nervous system when muscle is stretched”.
Muscle Spindle.
Explain what intrafusal fiber and extrafusal fiber is.
Intrafusal fiber is one of the small muscle fibers that lie within each muscle spindle. Extrafusal fiber, is one of the ordinary muscle fibers that lie outside the spindles and provide most of the force for muscle contraction.
(p. 335 for drawing).
What does the Muscle spindle monitor?
Muscle length.
For a small recap. What is ‘Dorsal’ and what is ‘Ventral’?
Dorsal = Toward the back Ventral = Toward the belly
Primary- and secondary sensory endings are?
Axons that transmit information. The primary from the central portion of a muscle spindle, and the secondary, information from the ends of a muscle spindle.
A gamma motorneuron is?
Also called gamma efferent. A motorneuron that innervates the contractile tissue in a muscle spindle.
Alpha motorneuron is?
A motorneuron that controls the main contractile fibers (extrafusal, do you recall?) of a muscle.
The Golgi tendons finest job is to?
Small hint: Do you recall where tendons are located?
Send impulses to the central nervous system, reporting muscle tension.
(P. 336)
Motor nuclei in the brainstem controls..?
Muscles of the head and neck.
What does the term ‘central pattern generator’ account for?
Neural circuitry that is responsible for generating rhythmic pattern. Such as the behavior of simply walking.
Where is the ‘primary motor cortex (M1)’ located?
Primarily the precentral gyrus.
To see and better understand the pyramidal system / corticospinal system turn to page 339!
Jep.
What function does the nonprimary motor cortex have? Where is it located? (Can’t the primary (M1) do it all by itself?)
Frontal lobe regions adjacent to the primary motor cortex that contribute to motor control and modulate the activity of the primary motor cortex.
As “subcatagory” it seems, lies the ‘Supplementary motor area (SMA)’. Where does it receive input from?
From the basal ganglia. It modulates the activity of the primary motor cortex.
Premotor cortex, what can you say about that?
It is a region of non-primary motor cortex just anterior to the primary motor cortex.
What does the term ‘striatum’ cover?
The caudate nucleus and putamen.
What does the basal ganglia include?
Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres.
‘Reticular formation’ is?
An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in arousal and motor control.
The rubrospinal tract is?
A tract of axons arising from the red nucleus in the midbrain and innervating neurons of the spinal cord.
M1, the SMA, The cerebellum and the basal ganglia. Which is primarily connected to which?
(Do you remember what they are?)
Cerebellar activity correlated significantly with activity of the SMA but not with activity of M1, whereas basal ganglia activity correlated more strongly with activity of M1 than of the SMA.
What happens when one suffers from ‘muscular dystrophy (MD)’ ?
Its a disease that leads to degeneration and functional changes in muscles.
Can you name a protein, that is needed for normal muscle function?
Dystrophin.
What characterises ‘Myasthenia gravis’?
It is a disorder characterized by a profound weakness of skeletal muscles; caused by a loss of acetylcholine receptors.
What is autoimmune disorder?
It is a disorder caused by when the immune system mistakenly attacks a person’s own body, thereby interfering with normal function.
What is the physical consequence of polioviruses?
Destruction of motorneurons of the spinal cord and brainstem.
Can you name a disease in which motorneurons and their target muscles waste away?
(A hint; Shortened it is called ALS)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Apraxia is?
An impairment in the ability to begin and execute skilled voluntary movements, even though there is no muscle paralysis.
There is two different forms of apraxia: Ideomotor apraxia and ideational apraxia. Can you describe the two?
Ideomotor apraxia is the inability to carry out a simple motor activity in response to a verbal command, even though this same activity is readily performed spontaneously.
Ideational apraxia, is an impairment in the ability to carry out a sequence of actions, even though each element or step can be done correctly. (Patienten here can not do a series of movements, but must perform one at time).
parkin is a protein, that has been implicated in?
hint; its quite obvious
Parkinson’s disease.
Substantia Nigra is located?
and named for..?
In the brainstem structure in humans. It innervates the basal ganglia and is named for its dark pigmentation.
alpha-synuclein shares something with parkin. What is that?
Both has been implicated in Parkinson’s disease.
What happens in ‘Huntington’s disease’?
A progressive genetic disorder characterized by abrupt, involuntary movements and profound changes in mental functioning.
Aston Martin, the british carmaker, has an exceptional beautiful car called The Aston Martin DBS. But! In neuropsychology, what does DBS stand for?
Deep Brain Stimulation.
p. 352
Where is the cerebrocerebellum located?
It is the lowermost part of the cerebellum, consisting especially of the lateral part of each cerebellar hemisphere.
‘Ataxia’ is?
and is typically caused by?
An impairment in the direction extent, and rate of muscular movement; often caused by cerebellar pathology.
The vestibulocerebellum is located?
It is the middle portion of the cerebellum, sandwiched between the spinocerebellum and the cerebrocerebellum and consisting of the nodule and the flocculus.
