Vision Development in Children and Adolescents

Question 1

When does Vernier acuity surpass Grating acuity?

Answer 1

4 months

Question 2

When does Vernier Acuity reach adult level?

Answer 2

6-8 years

Question 3

What 3 developmental functions aren’t developed by 5-6 months?

Answer 3

Grating acuity, Vernier acuity, Contrast Sensitivity

Question 4

What are the 3 ways to assess resolution acuity?

Answer 4

OKN (Nystagmus), Preferential Looking, VEP (Visual Potentials)

Question 5

When are VEP and OKN measurements adult like?

Answer 5

6-8 months

Question 6

What are the expected VA acuities when using FPL at 1 month, 3 month, 6 month, 6-12 month and 3-5 years?

Answer 6

1 month: 20/600
3 month: 20/200
6 month: 20/100
6-12 month: 20/50
3-5 yr: 20/20

Question 7

What are the Limiting factors for VA development in infants?

Answer 7

Foveal cone immaturity,
Incomplete myelination of the optic pathway,
Cortical immaturity

Question 8

How long after birth are the cones fully developed?

Answer 8

45 months ~4 years.

Question 9

Most infants are hyperopic, myopic or emmetropes?

Answer 9

Most are hyperopes (average +2.00 D)

About 50% with Astigmatism

Question 10

Mean spherical equivalency goes more plus or more negative as the infant hits puberty?

Answer 10

Goes more minus.

Question 11

If at 5-6yo, the pt is hyperopia of greater than or equal to +1.50, in their teens they are likely to…?

Answer 11

Remain hyperopic

Question 12

If at 5-6yo, the pt hyperopia is between +0.50 and +1.25 D, in their teens they are likely to be….?

Answer 12

Emmetropic (-0.50-+1.00D)

Question 13

If at 5-6yo, the pt has hyperopia of less than +0.50, in their teens they are likely to be…?

Answer 13

Myopic

Question 14

Which ethinicity has the highest prevalence of myopia?

Answer 14

Asians (Taiwanese with 76% of the prevalence)
Hispanics are next
Whites/Blacks have the lowest

Question 15

Which ethnicity has the highest prevalence for astigmatism?

Answer 15

Asians/Hispanics

Lowest: Blacks

Question 16

Myopia Progression

Answer 16

The earlier the onset, the greater the myopia
Linear progression of about 0.50D/year until it stops
Risk factors are age, family Hx, amount of near work, Female>Male, and race

Question 17

When will hyperopia change?

Answer 17

Generally will not incraese in school age. Actually tends to decrease (become more emmetropic) with age between 6-12 yo

Question 18

When do infants reach adult level for the different Contrast Sensitivity testing methods?

Answer 18

VEP study says at 2.5 month, similar to adult level with low frequency and at 8 months adult level for high frequency

Behavorial (FPL: Preferential Looking) says we are adult like at 7-9 years.

Question 19

When are we at adult level for oculomotor function?

Answer 19

3-6 months

Question 20

When are we at adult level for accommodation?

Answer 20

3-4 months

Question 21

When are we at adult level for convergence and fusion?

Answer 21

22 weeks (~5-6 months)

Question 22

When are we at adult level for stereopsis?

Answer 22

6 months