Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lifespan > Vision and Hearing > Flashcards

Vision and Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

what is the leading cause of blindness in people over 50yo

A

age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the process of light entering the eye

A

light enters cornea –> thru back of cornea –> thru aqueous humor (fluid filling the lens) –> thru the lens

cornea and lens focus light on macula (central foveal are of reina) –> in retina light converted to chemical and electrical impulses–> sent down optic nerve to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does the eye change w age

A

it is an elastic organ that over time begins to collagenize in certain areas as well as undergo certain microvascular changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is considered low vision

A

visual acuity of 20/50 or worse that can’t be corrected w prescription lens or medical interventions, AND/OR loss that limits physical performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is visual acuity

A

capacity of eye to discriminate details of objects in visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the visual field

A

central or peripheral vision related to dec pupil size which limits amt of light that can reach retina
- extends laterally, inf, sup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is depth perception

A

ability to perceive relative distance of objects in the visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does it mean to be legally blind

A

visual acuity 20/200 or less, or visual field of 20deg or less in better eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is conductive hearing loss

A

dysfunction of external or middle ear that results in dec transmission of sound wave vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to cochlea, organ of corti or 8th CN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what sensory changes are seen in the eye w aging

A

dec # of rods (light and dark)
dec pupil size & reactivity
flattened cornea
lens changes shape
thickening of retina
dec nuclei in outer layer of retina

loss of protein homeostasis, cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what sensory changes inc susceptibility of retina detaching

A

dec nuclei in outer layer of retina

loss of protein homeostasis, cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction

ciliary bodies become more collagenized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what sensory changes are seen in the ears with aging

A

atrophy of organ of Corti
loss of hair cells
loss of afferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what sensory changes in the ears leads to sounds of all frequencies becoming more muffled

A

atrophy of cochlear lateral wall
- decline in cochlear endolymphatic potentials –> dysfunction of cochlear amplifier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

visual contrast sensitivity: what is it, how does it change w aging, functionality/implications

A

structural changes in lens and pupil relating to adapting to changes in light

light/dark adaptation slows with age

dec ability to drive at night
difficulty exiting movie theater in broad daylight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does color perception change w age, why, and what is the functionality/implications

A

dec color perception and difficulty distinguishing b/w colors w shorter wavelengths (blues, greens, violets)

d/t changes in retinal cones and ganglion cells

difficulty discriminating dark furniture from dark rooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is presbyopia and what does this lead to

A

dec lens elasticity and ciliary ms strength –> causing eye strain esp w reading and dark conditions

leads to inability to focus on near objects (need for reading glasses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is presbycusis and what does this lead to

A

progressive, (B), and age related sensorineural hearing loss, primarily observed in high frequency range d/t cochlear degen

leads to dec speech comprehension w fast speech or when background noise present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are 4 common age related eye diseases (pathological, not normal part of aging)

A

cataracts
age related macular degen
glaucoma
diabetic retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are cataracts d/t

A

lens (which is normally high in protein) undergoes proteostasis (loss of protein homeostasis) causing lens to become stiff and unable to properly filter light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is age related macular degen d/t

A

altered intercellular communciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is glaucoma d/t

A

mitochondrial dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is diabetic retinopathy d/t

A

dysfunction of insulin signaling pathways that leads to dysregulation of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are cataracts

A

clouding of lens that affects vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are risk factors for developing cataracts

A

cigarette smoking
UV light exposure
DM
high body mass index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

clinical s/sx of cataracts

A

clouded, dim, low vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how are cataracts treated

A

surgery
opaque lens removed and replaced by artificial intraocular lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the leading cause of curable blindness worldwide

A

cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is glaucoma and its pathophysiology

A

visual impairments and pathological changes of optic nerve caused by loss of retinal ganglion cells –> retinal ganglion cells project axons via optic nerve from eye to brain and vulnerable to age related changes

can develop slowly or quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are risk factors for glaucoma

A

age
genetics
African and Asian origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the hallmark sign of glaucoma and what does it indicate

A

redness of eye
- indicates inc intraocular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how is glaucoma treated

A

w med that lowers intra-ocular pressure (IOP) given the correlation b/w IOP and retinal ganglion loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the leading cause of incurable blindness

A

glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

is glaucoma treatable and what happens if untreated

A

effective if dz dx in early stage
- thru treatment sight may be maintained

if untreated progression leads to severe dec of visual field and irreversible blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

clinical s/sx of glaucoma

A

peripheral vision loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what optic pathology is most closely related to aging

A

AMD
- cataracts and glaucoma can be seen in younger pts w predisposing factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is the pathophysio of AMD

A

degen of photoreceptors causing degenerative lesions in retina
(circulatory insufficiency plays a part)

38
Q

what 2 optic pathologies is smoking cessation important in prevention

A

cataracts
AMD

39
Q

what are risk factors for AMD

A

aging
tobacco
genetics
degree of pigmentation
- light eyes at inc risk
arterial HTN
UV rays
consumption of non-balanced diet

40
Q

how is AMD treated

A

intravitreous drugs
lasers
dynamic phototherapy
surgery

these slow the progression of dz

41
Q

clinical s/sx of AMD

A

loss of central vision in the fovea

42
Q

dry vs wet AMD

A

DRY
- majority of cases
- characterized by lipid deposits beneath retina

WET
- progression of dry AMD as lipid deposits cause leaky vessels and eventual hemorrhaging
- clinical presentation: acute, sudden, irreversible vision loss

43
Q

what is diabetic retinopathy characterized by

A

micro aneurysms
hemorrhaging of retinal vessels

44
Q

what are risk factors for diabetic retinopathy

A

duration of diabetes
level of glycemia
presence of high bp
dependence on insulin
elevated serum lipid levels
genetics

45
Q

what visual pathologies does diabetic neuropathy inc the risk of

A

cataracts
2x risk for glaucoma

46
Q

what is key in decreasing the progression of diabetic retinopathy

A

improving glycemic control

47
Q

clinical s/sx of diabetic retinopathy

A

damage to many parts of eye
vision loss
blindness

48
Q

what is onchocerciasis

A

river blindness
infectious dz caused by parasitic filaria, deposition of larva in subQ tissue

49
Q

s/sx of onchocerciasis

A

infectious larvae deposits in subQ tissue leading to:
- acute dermatitis -> severe itching
- eye inflammation, bleeding, other complications –> blindness

50
Q

clinical s/sx of onchocerciasis

A

“halo vision” (like glaucoma) in early stages

51
Q

what parasite is responsible for onchocerciasis

A

blackfly transmits dz in fertile riverside areas that are often uninhabited for fear of infection
- central and sub-Saharan Africa
- Yemen
- Latin America

52
Q

snellen chart: what does it assess, results

A

visual acuity
poorer than 20/50 -> affects postural stability

53
Q

R vs L eye dominance

A

R dominant in 2/3 of pop
L dominant more common in people w migraines -> can affect balance

54
Q

what is looked for in a smooth pursuits visual assessment

A

attention to eye mvmt range
- can detect dec ROM

55
Q

what is a peripheral vision assessment and what are the norms

A

when you perceive things in periphery of field of vision relative to nose
- via confrontation method (temp, sup, inf)

90deg periph to central
50 deg sup to nasal
60 deg inf to nasal

56
Q

what is a depth perception visual assessment dependent on

A

accurate convergence

57
Q

what screen should you perform before a depth perception visual assessment

A

convergence testing
- can look at foot eye coordination, ie kick a ball

58
Q

what is a functional example of how altered depth perception may present in an older adult

A

turning too soon during a transfer to a chair

59
Q

when is ocular toxicity seen

A

meds given in high doses or for long periods of time

  1. methotrexate (MTX)
    - antifolate in CA
    - auto-immune dz (RA)
  2. tamoxifen
    - blocks estrogen in breast CA
  3. anti-malarials (ex: plaquenil)
60
Q

what can ocular toxicity cause (2)

A

toxic retinopathy
optic neuropathy

61
Q

sensorineural vs conductive hearing loss: what is it, pronounced w which sounds, causes/risk factors, clinical presentation

A

SENSORINEURAL
- dysfunction of inner ear
- more pronounced w high pitched frequencies (F,S,T)
- gradual or sudden loss
- genetic, noise pollution, meniere’s, aging, ototoxicity, DM
- present w dec speech comprehension w fast speech or when background noise present

CONDUCTIVE
- dysfunction of outer or middle ear
- across all frequencies
- mechanical cause: impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, benign tumors, fluid
- soft voice and dec hearing

62
Q

treatment for conductive hearing loss and why

A

hearing aid
- mechanical global amplification

63
Q

parts to general hearing assessment

A

observation
- signs of inflammation (redness, colored fluid)

whispered voice and have them repeat back

rub hands together

64
Q

weber test: conductive vs sensorineural results

A

should hear equally

conductive
- hear more in affected ear
sensorineural
- hear more towards unaffected ear

65
Q

rinne test: conductive vs sensorineural hearing loss results

A

should hear air longer 2:1 ratio

conductive
- hear better on bone than air
sensorineural
- air better than bone but <2:1 ratio

66
Q

what does it mean that a medication is ototoxic

A

harmful SE of drugs/toxins influencing hearing (contributing to and/or exacerbating hearing loss) and balance functions of ear

67
Q

what are examples of ototoxic meds

A

**antibiotics
- gentamicin, vanco, streptomycin
loop diuretics - furosemide
chemo - cisplatin
chemicals
- CO, quinine, arsenic, Hg, EtOH, tobacco

68
Q

what visual paths inc fall risk

A

low vision
visual impairment
visual loss + NM deficits (dec somatosensation, inc vibration sensation threshold)

69
Q

how does low vision inc fall risk

A

greater difficulty reweighting other sensory cues
-> negotiating obstacles, uneven surfaces, stairs
-> diminished protective responses

70
Q

what does hearing loss inc the risk of

A

frailty

71
Q

how could visual or hearing paths impact driving as an ADL

A

dark adaptation
- difficulty driving at night
color discrimination
- take longer to detect brake light
hearing
- unable to localize horns from other cars

72
Q

what are strategies to adjust the environment for visual impairments

A

minimize glare
inc lighting
contrasting surfaces
add a seat at entrance for don/doff garments
large face clocks
contrasting color foods and table settings
colored electrical tape on grab bars
well placed signs and visual cues

73
Q

what is the most promising strategy for visual impairments

A

adjusting the environment

74
Q

what are strategies to adjust the environment for auditory impairments

A

face to face communication
- in foveal field
more words w vowels
- easier to emphasize
announce changes in subject
drapes & fabric that absorb sound

75
Q

what is a main strategy to improve balance in someone w visual impairments

A

uptrain vestib and somatosensory systems

76
Q

balance and strength treatment activities

A

yoga (somatosensation)
tai chi (proprioceptive kinesthetic awareness technique)
obstacle course w collision warning device
stair climbing w high contrast edge highlighter on edge of each tread

77
Q

what are examples of vision based tech

A

hand held spectacle or telescope
floor lamp
table magnifiers
tactile dots on objects to localize

78
Q

what is a telescoping lens

A

hand held or mounted on glasses can be monocular or binocular

79
Q

what are low vision sunglasses

A

colors can help vision become less foggy
- yellow and orange can improve contrast sensitivity

80
Q

what are examples of auditory tech

A

hearing aids
cochlear implants
amplifiers

81
Q

hearing aids: indications, limitations

A

conductive hearing loss

small batteries difficult to manipulate
hard to hear in loud rooms

82
Q

cochlear implants: indications, how does it work, precautions

A

severe to profound hearing loss

sound transmitted to impulses sent to cochlea and auditory nerve
- prosthesis - magnetic to skull

caution w modalities and infections

83
Q

amplifiers: how does it work, limitation

A

speaker on device amplifies sound thru headphones (or Bluetooth)
- frequency selective (aka higher frequency)

while it is somewhat effective, less than hearing aids or cochlear implants

84
Q

what is universal environmental design

A

approach to design that integrates products and building features that are usable by anyone regardless of their ability
- most widely accepted theory for environmental design

85
Q

what are examples of components to universal environmental design

A

fluorescent lighting
appropriate draperies
acoustic ceiling tiles
indoor/outdoor carpet
furniture contrasts w floor
colored fixtures in bathroom

86
Q

how is fluorescent lighting a component of universal environmental design

A

adequate illumination while minimizing glare

87
Q

how are appropriate draperies a component of universal environmental design

A

sheers minimize glare
certain fabrics absorb sound

88
Q

how is the use of acoustic ceiling tiles a component of universal environmental design

A

allow for better speech discrimination

89
Q

how is the use of indoor / outdoor carpet a component of universal environmental design

A

cushions falls
minimizes friction

vinyl is easier to clean but is a higher risk of injury w falls

90
Q

how are colored fixtures in the bathroom a component of universal environmental design

A

minimizes glare and helps minimize the effects of poor depth perception

91
Q

what are 5 major red flags and what do they likely indicate

A

CNS:
- blurred/dec vision in one or both eyes
- double vision
- loss of speech or trouble understanding speech
- nystagmus, ptosis, impaired pupillary response

CV disorder:
- severe HA

Lifespan (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions