vision and attention Flashcards
identify the two types of lesion studies.
- animal testing
- neuropsychology
define TMS
pulses of magnetic energy disrupt activity in small part of brain for a short period.
computers are equally as good as humans at processing vision - true or false.
false.
name and describe the two types of photoreceptors.
rods - certain rhodopsin, dim light
cones - most sensitive to wavelength, daytime vision, three types of cones.
identify the types and features of ganglion cells.
- large parasol ganglion cells
- small midget ganglion cells
- code different properties
- cells have ‘receptive fields’.
as cells fill centre of field with light , activity increases/ decreases.
increases.
describe simultaneous contrast,
colours appear to be different when against different backgrounds, when they are, in fact, the same.
identify and describe the cells found in the LGN.
- konicellular cells (blue-yellow)
- magnocellualr cells (movement and flicker)
- partocellular cells (colour and detail).
what is the primary visual cortex also known as?
V1 / striate cortex.
give evidence of critical periods of vision.
- prevalence of neuron types shaped by environment experience early on…
- kittens raised in particular orientation could only respond to that orientation in the outside world.
out of dorsal and ventral streams, which one is the ‘where’ pathway?
- dorsal.
describe human trichromacy.
three cone types, sensitive at S, M and L wavelengths.
what type of primates have two cone types?
dichromatic primates.
what is it called when the M cone is shifted towards the L cone?
- deuternomoly.
name a potential cure for colour deficiency.
- gene therapy.
- can turn dichromate into trichromatic.
name the three cone-component channels.
- red-green (cherry-teal LM)
- blue-yellow (lime-violent S)
- black-white (achromatic- Luminance)
define cerebal achromatopsia.
damage to small cortical region, loss of colour perception.
describe the association between top-down effects and colour.
memory of typical colour of objects influences actual perception of colour.
identify two theories as to why we prefer some colours to others.
- biological component theory
- ecological valence theory.
what is meant by the processing “bottleneck”?
- cannot use all attention resources at once, and so information is ‘filtered’ so the most important info is perceived.
name the types of attention.
- selective
- sustained
- divided
- attention to different sensory modalities
name ways covert spatial attention can be studied.
Reaction time experiments:
- spatial cuing
- visual search
- distractor effects
- response competition flanker task
- attentional capture
- error rates
- self-report measures
covert attention to faces increased what type of response in the brain?
- fusiform face area
covert attention to houses increased what type of response in the brain?
- parahippocampal place area
which type of selection believes we process the meaning of stimuli?
late selection.
true or false: content was remembered easily in the unattended message.
false, rarely remembered.
define the early selection model.
filtering occurs before incoming stimuli are analysed to semantic levels.
name the components of Broadbents filter theory.
message - sensory store - filter - detector - memory.
what did Treismans attenuation model add to the early selection theory?
- unattended messages were attenuated rather than lost completely.
give an example of a word category that has a low threshold.
someones name.
define the lease selection model.
both attended and ignored inputs are processed to a stage of semantic analysis.
what does Lavie’s load theory believe?
that both early and late selection are possible.
according to the load theory stage of selection depends on … which depends on … of the task stimuli.
perceptual capacity … percetual demands/loads
describe what happens when stimuli involves a high load.
distractors are filtered / attenuated at early stage.
which type of load has the lowest reaction time?
low load.
what part of the brain is reduced when involving a high load in response to fearful faces.
amygdala.
who are capacity differences are associated with.
- autism (either higher or lower capacities)
- age (children and older adults have reduced capacity)
- video game experience (gamers remained distracted under high load).
