vision and attention

Question 1

identify the two types of lesion studies.

Answer 1

• animal testing

- neuropsychology

Question 2

define TMS

Answer 2

pulses of magnetic energy disrupt activity in small part of brain for a short period.

Question 3

computers are equally as good as humans at processing vision - true or false.

Answer 3

false.

Question 4

name and describe the two types of photoreceptors.

Answer 4

rods - certain rhodopsin, dim light

cones - most sensitive to wavelength, daytime vision, three types of cones.

Question 5

identify the types and features of ganglion cells.

Answer 5

• large parasol ganglion cells
• small midget ganglion cells
• code different properties
• cells have ‘receptive fields’.

Question 6

as cells fill centre of field with light , activity increases/ decreases.

Answer 6

increases.

Question 7

describe simultaneous contrast,

Answer 7

colours appear to be different when against different backgrounds, when they are, in fact, the same.

Question 8

identify and describe the cells found in the LGN.

Answer 8

• konicellular cells (blue-yellow)
• magnocellualr cells (movement and flicker)
• partocellular cells (colour and detail).

Question 9

what is the primary visual cortex also known as?

Answer 9

V1 / striate cortex.

Question 10

give evidence of critical periods of vision.

Answer 10

• prevalence of neuron types shaped by environment experience early on…
• kittens raised in particular orientation could only respond to that orientation in the outside world.

Question 11

out of dorsal and ventral streams, which one is the ‘where’ pathway?

Answer 11

• dorsal.

Question 12

describe human trichromacy.

Answer 12

three cone types, sensitive at S, M and L wavelengths.

Question 13

what type of primates have two cone types?

Answer 13

dichromatic primates.

Question 14

what is it called when the M cone is shifted towards the L cone?

Answer 14

• deuternomoly.

Question 15

name a potential cure for colour deficiency.

Answer 15

• gene therapy.

- can turn dichromate into trichromatic.

Question 16

name the three cone-component channels.

Answer 16

• red-green (cherry-teal LM)
• blue-yellow (lime-violent S)
• black-white (achromatic- Luminance)

Question 17

define cerebal achromatopsia.

Answer 17

damage to small cortical region, loss of colour perception.

Question 18

describe the association between top-down effects and colour.

Answer 18

memory of typical colour of objects influences actual perception of colour.

Question 19

identify two theories as to why we prefer some colours to others.

Answer 19

• biological component theory

- ecological valence theory.

Question 20

what is meant by the processing “bottleneck”?

Answer 20

• cannot use all attention resources at once, and so information is ‘filtered’ so the most important info is perceived.

Question 21

name the types of attention.

Answer 21

• selective
• sustained
• divided
• attention to different sensory modalities

Question 22

name ways covert spatial attention can be studied.

Answer 22

Reaction time experiments:

• spatial cuing
• visual search
• distractor effects
• response competition flanker task
• attentional capture
• error rates
• self-report measures

Question 23

covert attention to faces increased what type of response in the brain?

Answer 23

• fusiform face area

Question 24

covert attention to houses increased what type of response in the brain?

Answer 24

• parahippocampal place area

Question 25

which type of selection believes we process the meaning of stimuli?

Answer 25

late selection.

Question 26

true or false: content was remembered easily in the unattended message.

Answer 26

false, rarely remembered.

Question 27

define the early selection model.

Answer 27

filtering occurs before incoming stimuli are analysed to semantic levels.

Question 28

name the components of Broadbents filter theory.

Answer 28

message - sensory store - filter - detector - memory.

Question 29

what did Treismans attenuation model add to the early selection theory?

Answer 29

• unattended messages were attenuated rather than lost completely.

Question 30

give an example of a word category that has a low threshold.

Answer 30

someones name.

Question 31

define the lease selection model.

Answer 31

both attended and ignored inputs are processed to a stage of semantic analysis.

Question 32

what does Lavie’s load theory believe?

Answer 32

that both early and late selection are possible.

Question 33

according to the load theory stage of selection depends on … which depends on … of the task stimuli.

Answer 33

perceptual capacity … percetual demands/loads

Question 34

describe what happens when stimuli involves a high load.

Answer 34

distractors are filtered / attenuated at early stage.

Question 35

which type of load has the lowest reaction time?

Answer 35

low load.

Question 36

what part of the brain is reduced when involving a high load in response to fearful faces.

Answer 36

amygdala.

Question 37

who are capacity differences are associated with.

Answer 37

• autism (either higher or lower capacities)
• age (children and older adults have reduced capacity)
• video game experience (gamers remained distracted under high load).