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neurotransmitters > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Light

A

electromagnetic radiation visible to eyes

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2
Q

wavelength

A

spatial period of the wave

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3
Q

amplitude

A

How high the wave moves

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4
Q

Frequencey

A

How sign waves travel across time

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5
Q

What is the visual spectrum for humans?

A

400-700nm

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6
Q

Pupil

A

dark hole in the center of the iris that allows light to enter

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7
Q

iris

A

correlates with the pupil and light

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8
Q

cornea

A

Protects the eye

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9
Q

aqueous humor

A

its a fluid. behind cornea but in front of the lens. supports the lens.

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10
Q

Vitreous

A

takes away waste and its a jelly like substance

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11
Q

fovea

A

indent and a point on the central focus where information is trying to get to.

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12
Q

pigment epithelium

A

behind the retina at the end of the rods.

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13
Q

optic nerve

A

mainly axons are here and the information is taken to the brain

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14
Q

blind spot

A

occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye

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15
Q

Explain the Image formation of the Eye

A

The eye collects light rays and reflects it off objects in the environment then focuses them onto the retina to form images.

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16
Q

To the image information of the eye, how do the eye structures contribute to this?

A

The cornea refracts, the lens helps and the pupillary light reflex also accommodates this.

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17
Q

How much does the cornea refract during the image formation of the eye?

A

Refracts about 60%

18
Q

How does the lens accommodate the image formation of the eye?

A

The lens adds more refraction for closer objects. about. 20 inches and 20 feet.

19
Q

Explain how the pupuillary light reflex helps the image formation of the eye?

A

The retina and the neurons connect to the brain stem which control the iris muscles.

20
Q

consensual

A

voluntary reflex correlated with involuntary reflex

21
Q

Constriction

A

increasing with depth of focus

22
Q

Visual field

A

how much you can see with your eyes, they overlap

23
Q

Visual acuity

A

how clear you can see something. how sharp the image is.

24
Q

Horopter line

A

locus of points in space that yield single vision

25
Q

photoreceptors

A

light sensitive cells in retina >bipolar cells> ganglion cells that carry output from retina

26
Q

Horizontal Cells

A

Talk to the rods and cons

27
Q

amacrine cells

A

talks to the ganglion cells

28
Q

scotopic

A

rods

29
Q

phototopic

A

cones

30
Q

How many photopigments are in rods?

A

only one

31
Q

When do photoreceptors depolarize?

A

in the dark, (dark current)

32
Q

Are cones sensitive to different wavelengths ?

A

yes

33
Q

What happens in phototransduction in rods?

A

Photoreceptors receive 1 photon of light then the light hits pigment(rhodopsin) and bleaches it. As rhodopsin bleaches the photo-receptor it actives the all transretinal and that activates transducin(G-protein). Then for every 1 transentinal we get 500 transducins. Transducins activates cGMP phosphodiesterase(pde). PDE deactivates cGMP and it decreases CGMP and decreases leads to closed the NA+ channels. hyperpolarizes the cell which decreases release of neurotransmitter.
This process is the a csascade that amplifies one photon of light so that rods are very sensitive to light.

34
Q

What happpens in phototransduction in cones?

A

Rods can become saturated during the bright daylight. They reach a point where increased light no longer affects them.(they are all bleached out). So in the daylight, we use more cones since they need more light to bleach them. this is similar to rods but just a differnt type of opsin.

35
Q

NM for blue

A

420nm

36
Q

NM for green

A

530nm

37
Q

Nm red

A

560nm

38
Q

Are cones denser in the fovea?

A

Yes

39
Q

Are rods denser outside foveal region?

A

Yes

40
Q

What is the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory?

A

Brain assigns colors based on a comparsion of the readout of three cone types: red,green and blue, when all types of cones are equally active, we perceive white.

neurotransmitters (2 decks)

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