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neuro Flashcards

1
Q

List the catecholominergic neurons.What is the precursor for the neurotransmitters? Where is there function?

A

Tyrosince is the amino acid that is the precursor for dopamine, norepinephreine and epinephrine or adrenaline. The neurons are found in the nervous system, that involves mood, attention and visceral function.

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of a small molecule transmitter?

A
  1. it is systheized in the axon terminal
  2. dervived from food nutrients
  3. relatively fast-acting
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3
Q

List some of the amino acids

A
  1. GLU=glutumate
  2. GABA=gama amino
  3. GLY=glycein
  4. H=hydrogen
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4
Q

List the Amines

A
  1. DA=dopamine
  2. NE=norepinephrine
  3. EP=epinorphine
  4. 5-HT=saratonine
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5
Q

Ach

A

actylocholine

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6
Q

how many groups are there based on chemical composition that classifies neurtransmitters?

A

there are 3.

  1. small molecule transmitters
  2. neuropeptides
  3. transmitter gases
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of neuropeptide transmitters? and give some examples

A

Characteristics:
made by translation of mRNA from DNA code that occurs in the soma.
also it synthesizes and transports pretty slow.
Examples:
endorphines(pain)
corticosteroids(stress)
oxytocin(mother and infant bonding)

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8
Q

List the characteristics of transmitter gases and give the types of gases.

A

characteristics:
sysnthesized in many parts of neuron
once it is synthesized it diffuses across membrane and becomes active.
Types:
nitric oxide (NO)
carbon monoxide(CO)
functions: activate the metabolic process in cells

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9
Q

Iontropic receptor

A

This receptor opens fully and allows ions to go through. when this occurs, it directly changes the electrical and chemical of the cytsol.

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10
Q

Metabotropic

A

This metabolism of proteins change shape to send a message to a Gprotein which moves to a secondary messengar.

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11
Q

What happens in the Cholinergic System

A

The type of neurotransmitter that is involved with this system is ACH. this system also deals with our motor system, normal walking behavior and memory. IF this system is messed up then Alzheimer’s disease can occur.

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12
Q

Explain the Dopaminergic system

A

The type of neurotransmitter that is associated with this system is dopamine. some of the functions are coordinating movement and this also inncorporates that reward and pleasure system. the disorders that are assoctiated with this system are Parkinsons( too little DA) and schizophrenia(too much DA).

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13
Q

Noradrenergic Syetem

A

The type of neurotransmitter that is associated with this system is norepinephrine. The functions of this system is learning, arousal, organizing movements and brain development. The disorders that can occur in this system is depression and mania.

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14
Q

Serotonergic system

A

The type of neurotransmitter that involves this system is serotonin. The functions are wakefulness, learning and the major disorders of this sytem is depression, OCD, schizophrenia sleep apnea and SIDS.

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15
Q

How is the brain organized?

A

In layers,nuclei and pathways.

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16
Q

Planes of section

A

pertain the human CNS

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17
Q

What side of the brain does Alziehmers and epilepsy begin on ?

A

Left side

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18
Q

Ipsilateral

A

structures that are on the same side.

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19
Q

contralateral

A

structures that are on opposite of each other

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20
Q

bilateral

A

structures further away from midline are bilateral.

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21
Q

is the pituitary gland mirrored in the brain?

A

no, not a mirror image

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22
Q

Midsagitual cut

A

from the head of the brain to the back

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23
Q

Horizontal

A

half of bran at the bottom and half at the top. “horizon”

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24
Q

coronal

A

half of brain in back and the rest in front.

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25
Afferent
Toward the brain structure. (sensory motor info)
26
Efferent
away from brain structure(motor info)
27
The brain: Bones
skull
28
Meninges: 3 layers
protective tissues. 1. dura mater: tough double layer of tissue enclosing the brain. 2. arachnoid membrane: thin sheet of tissue follows contour of the brain. looks like a spider web. 3. pia mater: tough tissue things clings on the brain.
29
Cerbral Spinal fluid
supports the brain and gives it nutrition.
30
Anterior cerebral artery(ACA)
medial and dorsal cortex
31
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
lateral surface of cortex
32
Posterior cerbral Artery (PCA)
ventral and posterior surfaces
33
Gray matter
includes the capillaries and neuron bodies. also includes species specific sexual behavior, and a pain response modulation.
34
White matter
myelin covered axons
35
Reticular matter
net like mixtures of cell bodies and axons
36
CNS
involves the brain and the spinal cord.nucelus and tract.
37
Substantia
a group of related neurons deep within the brain. it less distinct borders than nuclei. ex: substania nigra
38
Locus
a small well defined group of cells. ex: locus coerules
39
PNS
ganglia and nerves
40
Commisure
any connection of an axon on one side of the brain to the other. ex: corpus collusm
41
lemniscus
a tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon. | ex:medial lemniscus. brings touch info from spinal cord through the brain stem
42
Forebrain
Lateral, telencephalon, cerbral cortex and involves limbic system. Korbinan Brodman created the numbering system for the brain in 1909.
43
Thalamus
third, diencephalon
44
Midbrain
cerebral aqueduct, mesencephalon, tectum receives sensory information. tegmentum which is motor related. includes a red nucleus and substantia nigra relates to limb movements.
45
Hindbrain
Deals with the pons and cerbellum (metencephalon) which influences walking/sleeping and locomotion. although, the myelencephalon. the medulla is imporant in the hindbrain because of respiration.in the hindbrain there are pyramids that pass on information and pyramidal decussation which help the signal keep going without getting interrupted.
46
myeleencephalon
medulla oblongata
47
Bell-Magendie Law
goes in the door, then out the vent. so goes into the dorsal and out the ventral.
48
lemniscus
a tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon. | ex:medial lemniscus. brings touch info from spinal cord through the brain stem
49
Forebrain
Lateral, telencephalon, cerbral cortex and involves limbic system
50
Thalamus
third, diencephalon
51
Fissures
large sulci. longiudinal(interhemisperic) lateral/Sylvian, parieto-occipital sulcus and calcarine fissure
52
Cortical lobes
frontal=planning morals and motor cortex,parietal=sensory, occipital=vision and temporal=cognition and memory.
53
myelencephalon
medulla oblongata which is in the hindbrain and attached to pons and the spinal cord and the functions are repsiration, heart beat etc
54
Bell-Magendie Law
goes in the door, then out the vent. so goes into the dorsal and out the ventral.
55
Disorders in controlling movement
degenerate in Parkinson's, Huntingtons and tourettes disease.
56
sulci
aka the trench and the valleys
57
Gyri
circle and hills
58
Fissures
large sulci. longiudinal(interhemisperic) lateral/Sylvian, parieto-occipital sulcus and calcarine fissure
59
Cortical lobes
frontal,parietal,occipital amd temporal.
60
Subcortical structures
Basal ganglia-motor planning, initation, smooth movement patterns(sequencing).
61
Stimulus response actions
habit learning(reaching to open a book)
62
Disorders in controlling movement
degenerate in Parkinson's, Huntingtons and tourettes disease.
63
Subcortial structires: Telencephalon
Limbic structures: deals with motivation emotion and memory.
64
Stuctures that are included in the Limbic system
hippocampus involves memory and spatial learning and the cingulate cortex.
65
amygdala and septal area
emotion behaviors
66
primary areas
motor cortex
67
secondary areas
premotor cortex
68
teritary areas
brocas areas

neurotransmitters (2 decks)

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