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PHYSIOBIO > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Visible light, or the energy we can see, is one form of __________
produced by the sun.

A

electromagnetic radiation

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2
Q

____________, or the distance between successive peaks of waves, is decoded by the
visual system either as color or as shades of gray.

A

Wavelength

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3
Q

The ___________ of light waves refers to the height of each wave, which is translated by
the visual system as brightness.

A

amplitude

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4
Q

_________ always travel at the same speed (the so-called speed of light), but they can vary
in the amount of energy they possess. It is this variation in energy levels among photons
that gives us waves with different wave- lengths and amplitudes.

A

Photons

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5
Q

PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

A

First, electro- magnetic energy is abundant in our universe.

Second, because electromagnetic energy travels very quickly, there is no
substantial delay between an event and an organism’s ability to see the
event.

Finally, electromagnetic energy travels in fairly straight lines, minimizing
the distortion of objects.

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6
Q

________ refers to the range of all types
of electromagnetic radiation.

A

electromagnetic spectrum

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7
Q

_________ is a form of energy that includes
visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation,
ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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8
Q

These have the longest wavelengths and are
used for radio communication, television broadcasting, and other wireless technologies.

A

Radio Waves

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9
Q

Slightly shorter wavelengths than radio waves: are used in microwave ovens and for various forms of wireless communication, including cell phones and
Wi-Fi.

A

Microwaves

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10
Q

______ is what we
perceive as heat. It’s used in night-vision technology and various industrial and scientific applications.

A

Infrared Radiation (IR)

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11
Q

This is the part of the spectrum that
our eyes can detect. It includes all the colors of the rainbow, with each color corresponding to a different wavelength.

A

Visible Light

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12
Q

_______ radiation has shorter
wavelengths than visible light and is responsible for causing
sunburn and skin damage. It’s also used in some sterilization
processes.

A

Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation

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13
Q

_______ have the shortest
wavelengths and the highest energy. They are produced in
nuclear reactions and are used in medical treatments and
certain types of imaging.

A

Gamma Rays

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14
Q

The clear, frontmost part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil. It plays a significant role in focusing light onto the retina.

A

Cornea

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15
Q

The colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil. It controls the size of the pupil and
regulates the amount of light entering the eye.

A

Iris

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16
Q

The dark, central opening in the iris that changes in size to control the amount of light that
enters the eye. In bright conditions, it contracts (becomes smaller), and in dim conditions,
it dilates (becomes larger).

A

Pupil

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17
Q

Located behind the iris, the lens helps to further focus light onto the retina. It can change
shape (accommodate) to allow for clear vision at different distances.

A

Lens

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18
Q

The innermost layer at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells (rods and
cones) responsible for detecting light and transmitting visual signals to the brain.

A

Retina

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19
Q

The bundle of nerve fibers that carries visual information from the retina to the brain,
where it is processed and interpreted.

A

Optic Nerve

20
Q

The tough, white outer layer of the eye that provides protection and maintains the shape
of the eye. It covers most of the eyeball.

A

Sclera

21
Q

A clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. It helps
maintain the eye’s shape and provides some optical properties.

A

Vitreous humor

22
Q

The layer of blood vessels and connective tissue between the retina and the sclera. It
provides nutrients to the retina and absorbs excess light.

A

Chloroid

23
Q

A clear, watery fluid found in the front part of the eye, between the cornea and the lens. It
helps maintain the shape of the front of the eye and nourishes the cornea and lens.

A

Aqueous humor

24
Q

The retina’s first layer is the __________ Each has a single axon, and these axons form the optic nerve as it leaves the retina.

A

ganglion cell layer.

25
Q

In the _____________ the dendrites of ganglion cells form connections with the amacrine and bipolar cells.

A

inner plexiform layer,

26
Q

The __________ contains the cell bodies of the photoreceptors.

A

outer nuclear area

27
Q

The two types of photoreceptors, ____________, are named according to
the shape of their outer segments

A

rods and cones

28
Q

The outer segment is the part of the photoreceptor that absorbs light. The
outer segment contains ___________, chemicals that interact with
incoming light.

A

photopigments

29
Q

The human eye contains about _________ million rods

A

120

30
Q

Rods are responsible for __________, or the ability to see in dim light.

A

scotopic vision

31
Q

There are only about ___ million cones in the human eye.

A

6

32
Q

Cones
are responsible for ________, or vision in bright light.

A

photopic vision

33
Q

Rods are highly sensitive to low levels of light and are primarily responsible for vision in dim or low-light conditions. This makes them essential
for night vision.

A

Sensitivity to Light Levels

34
Q

Rods contain a photopigment called ________, which is sensitive to a
broad range of wavelengths, allowing them to detect different shades of gray.

A

rhodopsin

35
Q

Rods are mainly located in the _______ of the retina, which is why our peripheral vision is more sensitive to low-light conditions.

A

peripheral regions

36
Q

Rods do not contribute to color vision. They are
monochromatic and cannot differentiate between colors.

A

Absence of Color Vision

37
Q

Cones are responsible for ________ and are highly sensitive to different wavelengths of light.

A

color vision

38
Q

THREE TYPE OF CONES

A

S-cones (blue), M-cones (green), and
L-cones (red), each sensitive to a specific range of colors.

39
Q

Cones are concentrated in the central region of the retina, known as the ___________. This area provides the sharpest and most detailed vision and is essential for activities like reading and recognizing faces.

A

fovea

40
Q

Cones work best in well-lit or daylight conditions. They are
responsible for high-resolution vision and the perception of fine details.

A

Daylight and Bright-Light Vision

41
Q

Cones are less sensitive to motion than rods and are more suited
for stationary or slow-moving objects.

A

Limited Sensitivity to Motion

42
Q

_________ is the process of translating a physical stimulus into
electrical signals that can be understood and processed by the nervous
system.

A

Transduction

43
Q

The simplest patterns of lines are known as _________

A

gratings

44
Q

The human visual system could perform a rough mathematical analysis, or
___________, of the gratings found in the visual field

A

spatial frequency analysis

45
Q

primary colors of light

A

red, green, blue

46
Q

_____ theory suggests that human color vision is
based on our having three (tri) different color photopigments. The three
photopigments are maximally responsive to lights of different
wavelengths.

A

Trichromacy

47
Q

Occasional errors occur in the chromosomes that carry the genes that
encode the cone photopigments. As a result, individuals with these genes
show several kinds of atypical responses to color, known as
____________.

A

colorblindness

PHYSIOBIO (2 decks)

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