Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

behavioral neuroscience > vision > Flashcards

vision Flashcards

1
Q

The transformation of sensory information into neural signals.

A

Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The process of obtaining information about the environment and transmitting it to the brain for processing

A

Sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The process of interpreting sensory signals sent to the brain.

A

Pereption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A narrow focus of consciousness.

A

Attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The combining of simpler meanings to construct more complex meanings

A

Bottom-up processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The use of knowledge and expectation to interpret meanings

A

Top-down processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

-the energy that we can see
-it is one one of the forms of electromagenetic radiation produced by the sun

A

Visible light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Radiation emitted in the form of energy waves.

A

Electromagnetic radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The distance between successive peaks of a wave; determines color in visible light

A

Wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Individual, indivisible, very small particles that form waves of electromagnetic energy.

A

Photons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A unit of measurement equaling 1 0-* m used to measure light wave frequency.

A

Nanometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

light that is visible to humans occupies a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum (appears white in teh human eye)

The range of electromagnetic energy visible to humans falls between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm).

A

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ability to retain something rather than reflect or transmit it to another location.

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The bending back of light toward its source

A

Reflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The deflection, or changing of direction, of light at a boundary such as that between air and wate

A

Refraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • a rapid closing of the eyelids, protects the eye from incoming objects and moistens and cleans the front of the eye
A

blink/blinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • produced in the lacrimal gland at the outer corner of each eye. The fluid not only is composed primarily of water and salt but also contains proteins, glucose, and substances that kill bacteria.
A

Tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • flush away dust and debris and moisten the eye so that the eyelids don’t scratch the surface during blinks.
A

Basal tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • share a similar composition to basal tears but are released in large quantities in response to chemicals, bright lights, or debris in the eye.
A

Reflexive tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • contain more hormones than basal or reflex tears, including leu-enkephalin, which acts as a natural painkiller.
A

Emotional tears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

is roughly a sphere with a diameter of about 24 mm, just under one inch, and individual variations are very small, no more than 1 or 2 mm.

A

eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

-The white outer covering of the eye.
-helps the fluid-filled eyeball maintain its shape

A

Sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

-The transparent outer layer of the eye
- it begins the process of bending or refracting light to form an image in the back of the eye.

A

Cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The area of the eye located directly behind the cornea, containing aqueous humor.

A

Anterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The fluid located in the anterior chamber that nourishes the cornea and lens.

A

Aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The opening in the front of the eye controlled by the iris.

A

Pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The circular muscle in the front of the eye that controls the opening of the pupil

A

Iris (Greek word for “rainbow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The clear structure behind the pupil and iris that focuses light on the retina.

A

Lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The ability of the lens to change shape to adjust to the distance of the visual stimulus.

A

accommodation.

30
Q

The large inner cavity of the eyeball

A

Vitreous chamber

31
Q

The jellylike substance in the vitreous chamber.

A

Vitreous humor

32
Q

The elaborate network of photoreceptors and interneurons at the back of the eye that is responsible for sensing light.

A

Retina

33
Q

Specialized sensory cell in the retina that responds to light.

A

Photoreceptors

34
Q

The area in the retina where blood vessels and the optic nerve exit the eyes

A

Optic disk

35
Q

A 6 mm round area in the retina that is not covered by blood vessels and that is specialized for detailed and central vision

A

Macula

36
Q

The ability to perceive visual stimuli focused on the macula of the retina.

A

Central vision

37
Q

The ability to perceive visual stimuli that are off to the side while looking straight ahead.

A

Peripheral vision

38
Q

A small pit in the macula specialized for detailed vision.

A

Fovea

39
Q

The pigmented layer of cells supporting the photoreceptors of the retina.

A

Epithelium

40
Q

The layer of retinal interneurons farthest from the photoreceptors, which contains ganglion cells and gives rise to the optic nerve.

A

Ganglion cell layer

41
Q

Retinal cell in the ganglion cell layer whose axon leaves the eye as part of the optic nerve.

A

Ganglion cell

42
Q

The location in the retina containing axons and dendrites that connect the ganglion, bipolar, and amacrine cells.

A

Inner plexiform layer

43
Q

A retinal interneuron in the inner nuclear layer that integrates signals across adjacent segments of the retina.

A

Amacrine cell

44
Q

A cell in the inner nuclear layer of the retina that forms part of the straight pathway between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells.

A

Bipolar cell

45
Q

The layer of retinal interneurons containing
amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells.

A

Inner nuclear layer

46
Q

The retinal layer containing axons and dendrites forming connections between bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and the photoreceptors.

A

Outer plexiform layer

47
Q

A retinal interneuron located in the inner nuclear layer that integrates signals from across the surface of the retina.

A

Horizontal cell

48
Q

A pigment contained in the photoreceptors of the eye that absorbs light.

A

Photopigment

49
Q

The two types of photoreceptors,

A

rods and cones

50
Q

A photoreceptor that responds to low levels of light but not to color.

A

Rod

51
Q

A photoreceptor that operates in bright conditions and responds differentially to color.

A

Cone

52
Q

The ability to perceive visual stimuli under bright light conditions due to the activity of cones.

A

Photopic vision

53
Q

A protein found in photopigments.

A

Rhodopsin

54
Q

A chemical contained in rhodopsin that interacts with absorbed light. (Vitamin A)

A

Retinal

55
Q

The form taken by retinal while it is bound to opsin in the absence oflight.

A

11-cis

56
Q

The form taken by retinal after light is absorbed by the rod outer segment.

A

All-trans

57
Q

The steady depolarization maintained by photoreceptors when no light is present.

A

Dark current

58
Q

A second messenger within photoreceptors that is responsible for maintaining the dark current by opening sodium channels

A

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)

59
Q

The _________are located in the inner nuclear layer.
They receive input from the photoreceptors and provide output to another type of cell in the inner nuclear layer, the bipolar cell.

A

HORIZONTAL CELLS

60
Q

________, also located in the inner nuclear layer, receive input from photoreceptors and from horizontal cells. In turn, ________communicate with the amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer and with ganglion cells.

A

bipolar cells

61
Q

two major types of bipolar cells:

A

diffuse and midget.

62
Q

cells are more common in the periphery of the retina, where a single _____ might receive input from as many as 50 rods.

A

Diffuse bipolar

63
Q

cell located in the fovea might receive input from a single cone. ____________, influenced by a single cone, can provide information about light falling in a tiny part of the retina. This in turn contributes to the fine detail provided by photopic vision.

A

Midget bipolar

64
Q

A location on the retina at which light affects the activity of a particular visual interneuron.

A

Receptive field

65
Q

A characteristic of visual interneuron receptive fields, in which light illuminating the center has the opposite effect on the cell’s activity as light in the surround.

A

Antagonistic center-surround organization

66
Q

The ability of an active neuron to inhibit the activity of adjacent neurons.

A

Lateral inhibition

67
Q

_______, also located in the inner nuclear layer, form connections with bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and other amacrine cells.

A

Amacrine cells

68
Q

_________ receive input from bipolar and amacrine cells. The axons of ganglion cells leave the eye to form the optic nerve, which travels to higher levels of the brain.

A

Ganglion cells

69
Q

THE THREE TYPES OF GANGLION CELLS

A

P CELL
M CELL
K CELL

70
Q

Small ganglion cell that responds to high contrast and color.

A

P cell -

71
Q
  • Large ganglion cell that responds to all wavelengths regardless of color, subtle differences in contrast, and stimuli that come and go rapidly.
A

M cell

72
Q

A ganglion cell that does not fit the criteria for P or M cells exactly and responds to blue and yellow light.

A

K cell -

behavioral neuroscience (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions