genes Flashcards

1
Q

A functional
hereditary unit made up
of DNA that occupies a
fixed location on a
chromosome.

A

Gene

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2
Q

Humans have
approximately ____________ proein-encoding
genes

A

20,000 -25,000

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3
Q

four biochemicals known as bases or nucleotides:

A

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)

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4
Q

it is entire set of DNA instructions found in a
cell.

A

Genome

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5
Q

In humans, the genome consists of ___ pairs
of chromosomes

A

23

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6
Q

The genetic composition of an
individual organism

A

Genotype

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7
Q

The observable appearance of
an individual organism.

A

Phenotype

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8
Q

The translation of the
genotype into the
phenotype of an
organism.

A

Gene Expression

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9
Q

An _____ is one of two or more
versions of DNA sequence (a single
base or a segment of bases) at a
given genomic location.

A

allele

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10
Q
  • Having two identical alleles for a
    given gene.
A

Homozygous

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11
Q
  • Having two different alleles for a
    given gene.
A

Heterozygous

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12
Q
  • A gene that will produce its
    characteristic phenotype only when it occurs in
    a homozygous pair.
A

Recessive allele

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13
Q

-A gene that produces its
phenotype regardless of whether it occurs in a
heterozygous or homozygous pair.

A

Dominant allele

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14
Q

It is a type of cell division in sexually
reproducing organisms that reduces the number
of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg
and sperm).

A

Meiosis

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15
Q

Crossing over is a cellular
process that happens during meiosis when
chromosomes of the same type are lined up.

A

Crossing over

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16
Q

are changes in the genetic
sequence, and they are a main cause of
diversity among organisms.

A

Mutations

17
Q

Phenotypical characteristics that result
from expression of genes on the X
chromosome that are not duplicated on
the Y chromosome.

A

Sex-linked characteristic

18
Q

The process by which one X chromosome
in each female cell is silenced to equalize
the amount of proteins produced by
males and females.

A

X chromosome inactivation

19
Q

Variations that occur in a gene when a single base is
changed from one allele to the next

A

SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS)

20
Q

Variations in the number of sequences in a gene
compared to a reference genome

A

Copy-Number Variations (CNVs)

21
Q

_______describes how much variation in a trait
observed in a population is due to genetic differences

A

heritability

22
Q

refers to the development of potentially
heritable traits due to changes in gene
expression that do not involve changes in
DNA sequences.

A

Epigenetics

23
Q

Three important processes that produce
lasting but reversible changes in gene
expression are __________

A

histone modification, DNA
methylation, and gene silencing by
non-coding RNA

24
Q

Changes in the structure of histones that
make it more or less likely that a segment
of DNA will be transcribed.

A

Histone modification

25
Q

Addition of a methyl group to a DNA
molecule turns off the gene.

A

DNA methylation

26
Q

Regulation of gene expression by
segments of RNA that are not translated
into protein.

A

Gene silencing by non-coding RNA