Vision

Question 1

The Transformation of sensory information into neural signals.

Answer 1

Transduction

Question 2

The process of obtaining information about the environment and transmitting it to the brain for processing

Answer 2

Sensation

Question 3

The process of interpreting sensory signals sent to the brain

Answer 3

Perception

Question 4

A narrow focus of conciousness

Answer 4

Attention

Question 5

The combining of simpler meanings to construct more complex meanings

Answer 5

Bottom-up processing

Question 6

The use of knowledge and expectation to interpret meanings

Answer 6

Top-down processing

Question 7

Most important sensory systems in humans with about 50 percent of our cerebral cortex responding to visual information but only 3 for hearing and 11 percent for touch and pain

Answer 7

Visual Stimulus: Light

Question 8

The energy that we can see and is one of the forms of electromagnetic radiation produced by the sun.

Answer 8

Visible light

Question 9

Radiation emitted in the form of energy waves

Answer 9

Electromagnetic Radiation

Question 10

The distance between successive peaks of a wave; determines color in visible light

Answer 10

Wavelength

Question 11

Individual, indivisible , very small particles that form waves of electromagnetic energy.

Answer 11

Photons

Question 12

A unit of measurement equaling 10-m used to measure light wave frequency

Answer 12

Nanometers

Question 13

light that is visible to humans occupies a small part of the _______ (appears white in teh human eye)

•The range of electromagnetic energy visible to humans falls between 400 and 700 nanometers (nm). A nanometer is 10-9 meters, or one billionth of a meter.

When we say a light has a wavelength of 400 nanometers, this means that the peaks of the wave are 400 nanometers apart. Shorter wavelengths, approaching 400 nm, are perceived by humans as violet and blue, whereas longer wavelengths, approaching 700 nm, are perceived as red.

Answer 13

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Question 14

The 3 Light that Interacts with objects

Answer 14

Absorption
Reflection
Refraction

Question 15

The ability to retain something rather than reflect or transmit it to another location

Answer 15

Absorption

Question 16

The bending back of light toward its source

Answer 16

Reflection

Question 17

The deflection, or changing of direction of light at a boundary such as that between air and water

Answer 17

Refraction

Question 18

produced in the lacrimal gland at the outer corner of each eye. The fluid not only is composed primarily of water and salt but also contains proteins, glucose, and substances that kill bacteria.

Answer 18

Tears

Question 19

flush away dust and debris and moisten the eye so that the eyelids don’t scratch the surface during blinks.

Answer 19

Basal tears

Question 20

share a similar composition to basal tears but are released in large quantities in response to chemicals, bright lights, or debris in the eye.

Answer 20

Reflexive tears

Question 21

Contain more hormones than basal or reflex tears, including leu-enkephalin, which acts as a natural painkiller

Answer 21

Emotional Tears

Question 22

A rapid closing of the eyelids

Answer 22

Blink/blinking

Question 23

Is roughly a sphere with a diameter of about 24mm, just under one inch, and individual variations are very small, no more than 1 or 2 mm.

Answer 23

Eye

Question 24

-The white outer covering of the eye
- helps the fluid-filled eyeball maintain its shape

Answer 24

Sclera

Question 25

• The transparent outer layer of the eye and is actually a clear blood vessel free extension of the sclera.
• it begins the process of bending or refracting light to form an image in the back of the eye.

Answer 25

Cornea

Question 26

Cornea gets its nutrient from the adjacent

Answer 26

anterior chamber

Question 27

The area of the eye located directly behind the cornea, containing aqueous humor

Answer 27

Anterior chamber

Question 28

The fluid located in the anterior chamber that nourishes the cornea and lens

Answer 28

Aqueous humor

Question 29

The opening in the front of the eye controlled by the iris.
•_____ diameter is also affected by your emotional state through the activity of the autonomic nervous system
•Under the influence of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, the pupil dilates.
•In times of less arousal during which the parasympathetic nervous system is active, the pupil becomes more constricted.

Answer 29

Pupil

Question 30

The circular muscle in the front of the eye that controls the opening of the pupil
•The color of the ___ is influenced primarily by its amount of melanin pigment, which varies from brown to black, in combination with the reflection and absorption of light by other elements in the ____ such as its blood supply and connective tissue

Answer 30

Iris (greek word for rainbow)

Question 31

The clear structure behind the pupil and iris that focuses light on the retina.
• Muscles attached to the lens allow us to adjust our focus as we look at objects near to us or far away. This process is called accommodation.

Answer 31

Lens

Question 32

The ability of the lens to change shape to adjust to the distance of the visual stimulus.

Answer 32

Accommodation

Question 33

The large inner cavity of the eyeball

Answer 33

Vitreous chamber

Question 34

The jellylike substance in the vitreous chamber.
•Unlike the aqueous humor, which circulates and is constantly renewed, the vitreous humor you have today is the same vitreous humor with which you were born. Under certain circumstances, you can see floaters, or debris, in the vitreous humor, especially as you get older

Answer 34

Vitreous humor

Question 35

The elaborate network of photoreceptors and interneurons at the back of the eye that is responsible for sensing light.
•The image that is projected on the ___ is upside down and reversed relative to the actual orientation of the object
•being viewed.The word _____ comes from the Latin word for “fisherman’s net

Answer 35

Retina (Latin word Fisherman’s net)

Question 36

Specialized sensory cell in the retina that responds to light.
•The ____ are located in the deepest layer of the retina. Before light passing through the lens can reach the _______, it must travel through the vitreous humor, numerous blood vessels, and a number of neural layers.

Answer 36

Photoreceptors

Question 37

The area in the retina where blood vessels and the optic nerve exit the eyes
•This area does not contain any photoreceptors at all, which gives each eye a blind spot.

Answer 37

Optic disk

Question 38

A 6 mm round area in the retina that is not covered by blood vessels and that is specialized for detailed and central vision

Answer 38

Macula

Question 39

The ability to perceive visual stimuli focused on the macula of the retina.

Answer 39

Central Vision

Question 40

The ability to perceive visual stimuli that are off to the side while looking straight ahead.

Answer 40

Peripheral Vision

Question 41

A small pit in the macula specialized for detailed vision.

Answer 41

Fovea

Question 42

The pigmented layer of cells supporting the photoreceptors of the retina.

These cells support the photoreceptors and absorb random light. Because of this absorption of random light, the interior of the eye looks black when seen through the pupil.
•When a bright light source, such as a camera flash, is pointed directly at the eye, we see the reflection of the true red color of the retina that results from its rich blood supply.

Answer 42

Epithelium