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Psybio Quizzes > Audition > Flashcards

Audition Flashcards

1
Q

Sets off waves of vibration in the form of miniature collisions between adjacent molecules that produce outwardly moving bands of high and low pressure

A

Movement

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2
Q

Can be described in waves

•amplitude
•frequency
•timbre

A

Sound

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3
Q

The height of a wave; in audition, _________ is perceived as loudness.

A

Amplitude

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4
Q

High amplitude waves are perceived as

A

Loud sounds

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5
Q

Low amplitude waves are perceived as

A

Soft sounds

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6
Q

Refers to the number of cycles per unit of time, or wavelength of a sound stimulus.
The unit used to measure the frequency of sound is hertz (Hz).

A

Frequency

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7
Q

Refers to the pitch of a sound

A

Frequency

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8
Q

Low frequency waves are perceived as

A

Low pitched sounds

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9
Q

High frequency waves are perceived as

A

High pitched sounds

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10
Q

Frequency

• Human hearing ranges from approximately ?____

A

20 Hz to 20,000Hz

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11
Q

Refers to frequencies below the range if human hearing. Many animals including elephants and marine mammals use infrasound for communication

A

Infrasound

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12
Q

Refers to stimuli with frequencies beyond the upper range of human hearing. Ultrasound waves are used to clean objects or to produce noninvasive images for medical purposes

A

Ultrasound

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13
Q

Sound characterized by a single frequency

A

Pure tone

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14
Q

Distinct quality of a sound due to combinations of frequencies

A

Timbre

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15
Q

Unsystematic combinations of sound waves

A

Noise

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16
Q

Human beings can perceive sounds that vary
in intensity by a factor of over 10 billion,
from the quietest sounds detectable to a jet
engine at takeoff.

A

Intensity

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17
Q

Intensity is measured as

A

decibel (dB)

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18
Q

A unit used to express a
difference in intensity between two
sounds, equal to 20 times the common
logarithm of the ratio of the two levels.

A

Decibel (dB)

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19
Q

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM

A
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20
Q

The ear is divided into three parts:

A

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

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21
Q

The _____ consist of the structures visible outside the body: the pinna and the auditory canal.

A

The outer ear

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22
Q

•The visible part of the outer ear.
•It serves to collect and focus sounds, just like a funnel.
•Plays an important role in locating the source of sound.

Movement of the pinna allows some species to further localize sound or to indicate emotional states, as when a dog puts its ears back while snarling

A

Pinna

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23
Q

•A tube-shaped structure in the outer ear that leads to the tympanic membrane.
•It is about 3 cm (-1.18 inches) long and about 7 mm (-0.28 inches) wide
•Sounds collected by the pinna is chaneled through the auditory canal

A

Auditory Canal

24
Q

It consist of the tympanic membrane, oval window, and ossicles

A

The Middle Ear

25
Q

The membrane separating the outer and middle ears; also known as the eardrum

A

Tympanic membrane

26
Q

The membrane separating the middle and inner ears

A

Oval Window

27
Q

•The bones that span the middle ear, including the
malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)
•The purpose of these bones is to transfer sound energy from the outside air to the fluid in the inner ear without losing too much of it.

A

Ossicles

28
Q

Sound must travel through the air (reason
why we have the difficulty hearing
underwater - The ear faces a similar problem,
as sound energy must travel through the air
of the outer and middle ears to the fluid of
the inner ear.

A

You do note

29
Q

The middle ear solves this transfer problem in two ways:
• First, the connections between the ossicles are hinged, which creates a lever action that increases the force of the vibration that the stapes bone delivers to the oval window.

•Second, force applied to the much smaller oval window produces much more pressure than the same force applied to the larger tympanic membrane. With both force and pressure increased at the oval win_x0002_dow, the ear can recover about 23 dB of the 30 dB that would otherwise be lost when sound is transferred from the air in the middle ear to the fluid in the inner ear (Evans, 1982)

A

You do note

30
Q

Contains two sets of fluid-filled cavities embedded in the temporal bone of the skull: semicircular canals ( a part of the vestibular system) and cochlea ( “snail “in greek)

A

The Inner ear

31
Q

The fluid-filled _____
contains specialized receptor
cells that respond to the
vibrations transmitted to the
inner ear.

The ___ is about 32 mm
(0.25 inches) long and 2 mm
(.08 inches) in diameter.
When rolled up like a snail
shell, the human cochlea is
about the size of a pea

A

Cochlea

32
Q

The cochlea is divided into three parallel chambers

A

Vestibular canal
Tympanic canal
Cochlear duct

33
Q

•The _______ are connected to each other near the apex

A

Vestibular and tympanic canals

34
Q

The part of the cochlea most distant from the oval window

A

Apex

35
Q

These two chambers ( vestibular and tympanic canals) contains a fluid known as _______ ( similar to cerebrospinal fluid)

A

Perilymph

36
Q

•The middle of three chambers of the cochlea.
•Conntains the fluid called endolymph (they are reach in potassium)

A

Cochlear duct

37
Q

The fluids and canals are divided by the ff:

A
38
Q

A membrane that separates the vestibular canal and cochlear duct.

A

Reissner’s membrane

39
Q

Structure in the cochlea that separates the tympanic canal and cochlear duct.

A

Basilar membrane

40
Q

A membrane covering the end of the tympanic canal

A

Round window

41
Q

A structure within the cochlear duct responsible for transducing vibrations in the inner ear into action potentials or neural messages.

A

Organ of Corti

42
Q

A membrane that covers the organ of corti

A

Tectorial (roof) membrane

43
Q

Several structural features of the basilar membrane are relevant to its response to sound:

• The membrane is about five times wider at its apex (farthest from the oval window) than at its base (next to the oval window).
• In addition, the basilar membrane is about 100 times stiffer at its base than at its apex. These structural differences are similar to the range of
size and flexibility found in the different strings of a guitar.

A

Note

44
Q

• When vibration produces pressure changes within the
cochlea, the basilar membrane responds with a
wavelike motion. It will move less at the stiff, smaller
end near the base than at the wide, floppy end at the
apex
• high-frequency sounds will cause a peak vibration of
the basilar membrane near its base, whereas low-
frequency sounds will cause a peak vibration closer to
its apex

A

Note

45
Q

•Auditory receptor cells located near the junction of the tectorial membrane and cochlear duct.
•There are approximately 15,500 inner hair cells in humans and they are the actual auditory receptors

A

Inner hair cells

46
Q

•Auditory receptor cells located on the Organ of Corti that amplify sound.
•There are approximately 12,000 outer hair cells

A

Outer hair cells

47
Q

•Microscopic hair-like projections from a cell.
•Both inner and outer hair cells extend to the cilia

A

Cilia

48
Q

The nerve that makes contact with the hair cells of the cochlea.

A

Cranial Nerve VIII

49
Q

CENTRAL AUDITORY PATHWAYS

(For photos check Gallery)

A

Note

50
Q

PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
(Note)

A

Note

51
Q

Cortex located just below the
lateral fissure in the temporal
lobe that provides the initial
cortical processing of auditory
information.

A

Primary auditory cortex (A I)

52
Q

Areas surrounding Al in the
temporal lobe that process
complex sound stimuli.

A

Secondary auditory cortex

53
Q

Note:

Auditory perception

A
54
Q

Most frequencies are systematically encoded by the auditory system through tonotopic organization, which describes the fact that neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to
similar frequencies. Tonotopic organization is found throughout the auditory system, from the basilar membrane up through primary auditory cortex.

A

Pitch Perception

55
Q

Neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies.

A

Tonotopic organization

56
Q

Decibels describe the physical qualities of the sound stimulus, whereas loudness is the human perception of that stimulus. The perception of loudness does not change at the same rate as the decibels do

A

Loudness perception

57
Q

Language perception continuation on Gallery

A

Psybio Quizzes (2 decks)

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