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Neuro Rehab > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ultimate function of vision

A

support participation in daily activities through motor and/or cognitive responses

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2
Q

typical vision impairments

A

visual field deficits, loss of ocular alignment or control, diplopia, changes in acuity, spatial relations impairments, etc..

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3
Q

visual functions fall under the specific category of ___ ___ within the more broad __ __ category and under the __ __ domain

A

sensory functions
body functions
client factors

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4
Q

the quality of ____ functions work together to promote visual awareness of environments at various distances for functioning

A

vision, acuity, stability, field

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5
Q

vision serves as a primary receptor for what functions

A

motor
cognitive
communicative
emotive

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6
Q

vision is a prerequisite for

A

perception and cognition

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7
Q

examples of performance skills that would be affected

A

motor functioning
processing
social interaction

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8
Q

what is the OT’s role in vision?

A

does vision/visual processing actually impact function
does the deficit cause a functional limitation
is the deficit related to vision/visual perception

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9
Q

what do OT’s NOT do with vision

A

diagnose
discerning underlying cause

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10
Q

muscles that control the eyes

A

lateral rectus
superior rectus
superior oblique
levator
inferior rectus
inferior oblique

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11
Q

cranial nerves involved with vision

A

oculomotor (3)
trochlear (4)
abducens (6)

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12
Q

parts of the brain that affect vision

A

brainstem
cortex
cerebellum

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13
Q

brainstem

A

house vestibular nerve nuclei which helps with gaze stability

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14
Q

cortex

A

uses eye movements to shift attention

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15
Q

cerebellum

A

make sure eye is landing precisely on a target

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16
Q

the specific type of visual deficit that occurs after brain injury depends on

A

the area or areas of the brain affected by the injury
-structural damage to brain
-damaged pathways that connect brain areas

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17
Q

brainstem and cerebellum

A

control basic visual functions, such as the light (pupillary) reflex, blink response, and accommodation reflex

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18
Q

posterior temporal lobe

A

answers the “what”

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19
Q

posterior parietal lobe

A

answers the “where”

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20
Q

prefrontal areas

A

CEO of the brain

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21
Q

occipital lobes

A

help make a visual library and help sort through information that comes in

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22
Q

where is the primary visual cortex located

A

occipital lobe

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23
Q

ventral stream

A

object recognition (what)
color
shapes
size discrimination

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24
Q

dorsal stream

A

where pathway
visuospatial perception
detection of movement
ex: top shelf, beside the butter

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25
Q

presentation of condition is

A

based off where it lands on the tract

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26
Q

cortical blindness

A

when injury occurs bilaterally around the calcarine fissure in the brain
usually detect light
can detect movement
severe visual impairment

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27
Q

vision deficits due to acquired brain injury

A

acuity
convergence
pursuit
quality of saccade
visual field loss
perceptual dysfunction
strabismus
more

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28
Q

causing the problem - cognitive deficit

A

can’t remember to use the walker

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29
Q

causing the problem - visual deficit

A

can’t see the doorway

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30
Q

causing the problem - perceptual deficit

A

telling the difference between the white toilet and a white floor

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31
Q

purpose of vision assessment OT

A

occupational profile, discover client factors, visual functions, performance skills that are impacting desired occupations

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32
Q

assessment should include

A

client interview
vision screening
functional clinical observations (always)
questionnaires
referral as indicated

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33
Q

what to look at in visual screenings

A

visual fields, ocular mobility, visual acuity, visual attention, visual searching

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34
Q

specific visuomotor abilities that should be assessed

A

acuity
fields
binocular fields (eye alignment, accommodation)
oculomotor (saccades, smooth pursuits, convergence)

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35
Q

fixation

A

able to steadily and accurately gaze at an object
examining detail

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36
Q

pursuits

A

ability to smoothly and accurately track an object

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37
Q

saccades

A

ability to quickly look or scan from one object to another

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38
Q

accommodation

A

accurately focusing on object you are looking at; sustaining focus; and change the focus
key here: different distances (looking up at board then back at paper)

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39
Q

vergence

A

ability to accurately aim the eyes at an object and track it as it moves towards and away from you

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40
Q

myopia

A

near-sighted

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41
Q

hyperopia

A

far sighted

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42
Q

astigmatism

A

mixed

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43
Q

presbyopia

A

from old age

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44
Q

decreased acuity results in

A

blurry vision
eye strain
headaches

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45
Q

link between presbyopia and

A

depression

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46
Q

intervention to increase illumination

A

increase lighting but not the glare
place the lighting in areas that have increased falls

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47
Q

intervention to increase size

A

bold tip pens

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48
Q

intervention to increase contrast

A

specific
different types of paper

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49
Q

common interventions mentioned

A

decrease clutter, bright labels, organize environment, visual anchoring, tape on things to remember

50
Q

hemianopsia

A

half blindness; loss of half the field of vision occurring in both eyes

51
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A

loss of the same half of the eyes

52
Q

distribution is based on

A

lesion location

53
Q

visual field

A

boundary as to what is seen by looking straight ahead (without rotating head)

54
Q

losses in inferior area

A

mobility
tripping
proprioception

55
Q

losses in superior area

A

day to day looking at street signs
reading

56
Q

lesion in optic tract

A

contralateral side

57
Q

adaptations

A

reorganize environment making sure whatever they need is always in the visual field they can see

58
Q

restorative approaches

A

forcing them to look to one side by placement of objects (training)

59
Q

3 steps to improve visual exploration

A

practice making large, quick saccades into blind field
scan for targets among distractors in systemic way (scanning strategies)
practice strategies in real world

60
Q

presentation of diplopia

A

horizontal
vertical
directional gaze
far away
near object

61
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

62
Q

diplopia - difficulty in

A

spatial judgement
disorientation
hand-eye coordination
mobility
postural control
reading

63
Q

tip to resolve diplopia

A

cover one eye

64
Q

if diplopia is present when one eye is covered

A

it is unlikely it is a neurological issue

65
Q

diplopia - observational presentation

A

abnormal head position
squinting or closing one eye
possible lazy eye
possible vision loss

66
Q

diplopia - intervention

A

referral
vision training
surgery
scanning activities
increasing endurance is a goal
patch
spot patch
partial vision occlusion
prisms

67
Q

prism glasses are used for

A

people with visual field loss
helps with peripheral vision

68
Q

ocular alignment is required for

A

coordinated function of both eyes

69
Q

examples of coordinated functions of ocular alignment

A

moving both eyes to point at an object
move eyes to different positions of gaze
requires adequate muscular and cranial nerve function

70
Q

exotropia

A

outward turning of the eye

71
Q

esotropia

A

inward turning of the eye

72
Q

hypertropia

A

upward deviation of the eye

73
Q

hypotropia

A

downward deviation of the eye

74
Q

noncomitant

A

amount of misalignment depends on which way the eyes are pointing

75
Q

comitant

A

amount of turn is always going to be the same no matter where they are looking

76
Q

phoria

A

tendency for eye to deviate but you can control it with muscular effort

77
Q

oculomotor dysfunction

A

occurs when eye muscles are not properly coordinated
slower speed, control, and coordination of eye movements can cause disruption of visual scanning and attention

78
Q

oculomotor dysfunction includes

A

saccadic eye movement
smooth pursuit
vergence movement

79
Q

observations of oculomotor dysfunction

A

squinting
head tilting
one eye shut
complaining of headaches
agitation

80
Q

scanboard test

A

employ an organized strategy for scanning while they are stationary
look at what the strategy is (top down, left right)

81
Q

warren visual search subtest

A

searching through an organized array of stimuli

82
Q

dynamic object search test

A

ability to learn and apply strategy within a series of different searching tasks

83
Q

ocular mobility screening

A

penlight
O rotation clockwise and counterclockwise 2 times

84
Q

interventions for oculomotor dysfunction

A

scanning worksheets
scanning strategies
incorporate scanning into functional tasks
pacing or cuing to control speed of scanning to control impulsive or erratic scanning
organize clothing and task tools in a consistent order

85
Q

vergence system

A

working to align the eyes to maintain binocular fixation and vision

86
Q

convergence

A

eyes turning inward as an object moves towards you

87
Q

types of vergence

A

convergence
divergence
near-point convergence

88
Q

accommodation reflex involves

A

vergence system + pupil + lens

89
Q

vergence impairments

A

difficulty reading
headaches when completing near work
concentration issues
comprehension issues
conscious efforts to clear blurred images

90
Q

OT role in vergence impairments

A

see where it is impacting them functionally and use adaptive strategies, compensations, patient education, family education, referral as needed

91
Q

if a client fails vision screening

A

make a referral

92
Q

stereopsis

A

depth perception

93
Q

spatial relations

A

ability to process and interpret visual input to gain info about where something is in space

94
Q

R/L discrimination

A

ability to tell right from left; use and apply the concepts of left and right

95
Q

topographic orientation

A

way finding

96
Q

figure-ground discrimination

A

discriminating a figure from the background; distinguishing objects in the foreground from the background

97
Q

what are examples of higher order processing

A

depth perception
spatial relations
foreground/background

98
Q

form discrimination

A

ability to distinguish forms
plays a role in ability to discriminate a form from another (a single letter in a sentence)
effortless; automatic

99
Q

where is form discrimination affected in the brain when damaged

A

parietal and temporal lobe

100
Q

formboard test

A

show 10 forms and client tries to match them

101
Q

functional test

A

watching them perform an activity, what happens

102
Q

treatment for form discrimination damage

A

adaptation (environment)
restorative is not always going to be most successful

103
Q

restorative approach form discrimination

A

improve ability to use tactile cues

104
Q

stereopsis is required to

A

locate objects
accurately use hand movements under visual guidance (using vision to accurately use hands to manipulate)

105
Q

stereopsis impairment

A

activities that require the judgement of spatial relationships
ex: sports, card games, bingo, threading a needle

106
Q

figure ground perception deficits

A

difficulty distinguishing figure from background
locating objects that are not well defined from the background image
very impactful for ADL/IADLs

107
Q

how to assess figure ground perception

A

ayre’s figure ground test
functional test (ask client to find an object in view, ADLs)

108
Q

treatment for figure ground perception damage

A

occupation-based activities to judge distances, distinguish forms, and separate objects from a surrounding background

109
Q

spatial relations deficits

A

understanding spatial concepts
differentiating letters
map reading
finding items
R vs L
attention
ADL/IADL

110
Q

restorative approach to spatial relations damage

A

object retrieval using verbal requests
describing placement of objects
practicing functional tasks
orienting to landmarks

111
Q

adaptive approach to spatial relations damage

A

organizing environment
consistency
clearly marking areas for important things (red tape on wheelchair brakes)

112
Q

topographical disorientation

A

ability to situate yourself within a large-scale environment; enables navigation, following a familiar route

113
Q

topographical disorientation deficits

A

ABI
dementia
rarely in isolation (usually other things going on)

114
Q

topographical disorientation is also called

A

landmark agnosia

115
Q

MVPT

A

motor free visual perception test

116
Q

what does the A-ONE do

A

documents the effects of the visuospatial deficits on the ADLs

117
Q

AMPS (assessment of motor and process skills)

A

not vision specific; vision and spatial impairments are assessed

118
Q

SOTOF (Structured Observational Test of Function)

A

looks at occupational performance, performance components, behavior skills component
also looks at specific impairments
good for neuropsychological deficits

119
Q

brain injury visual assessment battery for adults (biVABA)

A

includes standardized assessments for evaluations of visual functions
hones in on functions where visual perceptual processing is required

120
Q

aspects of the biVABA

A

visual acuity
contrast sensitivity function
visual field
oculomotor function
visual attention and scanning

Neuro Rehab (5 decks)

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