Memory Flashcards
memory impairments following brain injury is regarded as…
one of the most debilitating and handicapping of cognitive deficits
stages of memory
- attention
- encoding
- storage
- retrieval
attention
-process that allows the person to gain access to incoming information
-have to have this in order to learn something
encoding
coding or registering the information
storage
-where you can access it later
-will process it more deeply here
retrieval
-recall (remember the specific answer to the question)
-recognition (given options to a question)
-when you do this with information, you will use a strategy consistent with how it was originally stored
neuroanatomy: attention
-brainstem
-thalamic structures in frontal lobe
neuroanatomy: encoding
-thalamus in frontal lobe (language systems - wernicke’s, broca’s)
neuroanatomy: storage
-hippocampus
-temporal lobes
neuroanatomy: retrieval
frontal lobes
memory taxonomies
time-dependent, content-dependent, everyday memory
memory taxonomies: time-dependent
short term
long term
memory taxonomy: content-dependent
semantic
episodic
procedural
memory taxonomies: everyday memory
prospective memory
metamemory
the “classic model”
-flow of information from the environment via brief sensory memories -> short-term -> eventually into permanent storage
-not highly regarded
-not accepted
short term memory
-unit of measurement = chunk
-recently process sensory input
-information recently retrieved from LTM
-the result of recent mental processing
working memory
-active manipulation of information
-problem solving
-functional examples: trouble following directions, solving problems with information, issues generalizing topics
-happening in the moment**
chunking
hold about 7 +/- 2 items in your memory at once
central executive
-plans, retrieves LTM, decision-making
-CEO
-integrating information
phonological loop
holds verbal and auditory information (speech and sound component of working memory)
visuospatial sketchpad
holds visual and spatial information
episodic buffer
-integrates information with LTM and chunks info
-“packages” info to optimize ability to store/retrieve later
long-term memory
-relatively permanent (but is impacted when there is dementia present)
-declarative
-non-declarative
declarative
-aka explicit
semantic
episodic
semantic
-knowledge of facts and events
-facts, vocab
-ex: dates of holidays, remembering the name of the president, remembering 9/11
episodic
-memory of events
-autobiographical, contextually specific events
-personal experiences
-watching an episode of your life
ex: remembering the day’s events
non-declarative
-implicit
-skills, habits, conditioning
procedural memory
-implicit knowledge of skills
-how-to knowledge
-perceptual-motor skills
priming
-improvement in a task when previously exposed to info
-increased probability of correct response
ex: reading textbook chapters ahead of class
perceptual learning
-recognize and identify stimuli
-sound, objects, tastes, smells
non-associative learning
-like habituation
-change in a response without a positive/negative reinforcer
-ex: tactile desensitization
non-declarative memory concepts
-procedural memory
-priming
-perceptual learning
-simple classical conditioning
-non-associative learning
prospective memory
-remembering to perform a task in the future
-frontal lobe function required
time-based prospective memory
remembering to take meds at 8am
event-based prospective memory
-in response to an external cue
-ex: remembering to turn computers on when professor walks in the room; turn phone off
types of prospective memory
time-based, event-based, activity based
what type of memory is critical for independent living
prospective memory
prospective memory steps
- formation of an intention
- remembering the intention
- remembering when to do it
- remembering to perform the action
- actually performing the action at the correct time and place and in the correct manner
- remembering that task was performed after completion
retrograde amnesia
-difficulty recalling memories formed an stored prior to the disease onset
-results in the inability to remember things like: autobiographic information (name, birthday), address
anterograde amnesia
-inability to recall information learned after acquired brain damage (inability to form memories)
-results in an inability to recall things like not going to remember staff names in hospital, not going to remember how to call nurse with call light
metamemory
-awareness of your own memory abilities
-knowing when you need to compensate for memory capacity
rivermead behavioral memory test
-used to predict everyday life memory problems
-global memory
-includes items related to prospective memory
-yields 2 scores: screening score, profile score
-used mostly by speech therapists
contextual memory test developed to assess
-awareness of memory capacity
-strategy of memory use
-recall
contextual memory test: awareness of memory capacity
general questioning prior to the assessment, predicting performance prior, will tell you how they think they did after
contextual memory test: strategy of memory use
-determine ability to benefit from strategies which will guide intervention
-assessing how they use different strategies during the test
contextual memory test: recall
recalling drawings
short blessed test
-overall cognition including areas of orientation, memory, concentration
-screening tool
-not for diagnosis
-population - anyone who is at risk for cognitive impairment that is associated with memory and concentration (dementia, Alzheimer’s)
everyday memory questionnaire
-35 items describing a memory failure
-rate for frequency (how many times in a day are you forgetting someone’s name)
the comprehensive assessment of prospective memory
frequency of memory failures and perceived amount of concern they have for their lapses in memory
prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire - free, public, domain
-self report
-variety
-everyday life situations
-norms published - helpful for scoring
prospective memory questionnaire scales
-short-term habitual
-long-term episodic
-internally cued prospective memory
-techniques to remember
-self-reported errors
