Viscerosomatic and Chapmans Flashcards
A ______ is the relationship between an input stimulus to the body and an output action to a muscle or an organ
reflex
Briefly describe the myotactic reflex
- Afferent impulses from a stretch are sent to the cell body of a sensory neuron
- Efferents are triggered that cause contraction of the muscle that resists or reverses the stretch
2 SIMULTANEOUS: efferents also inhibit contraction of the antagonist muscles (reciprocal inhibition)
Some dorsal horn neurons respond to _____ and ______ stimuli
Visceral and somatic
This is the processing area of the spinal cord
Gray matter
How many layers are in the spinal cord gray matter? Describe them!
10 Upper layers are 1-6: 1. A(delta) fibers: fast pain 2. small c fibers (slow pain) 3, 4. mechanoreceptors 5. A(delta) fibers: fast pain 6. afferent
7-10 are the lower layers where interneurons and motoneuron cell bodies are
The afferents from the body synapse in layers ___ to ___ of the spinal cord gray matter
1 to 6
This is where the interneurons and the motoneuron cell bodies are
In the lower layers of the gray matter; 7-10
________ of interneurons receive input from both visceral and somatic afferents
70-80%
What could be an explanation of visceral pain being diffuse and poorly localized?
Because the interneurons get both somatic and visceral information, so it cannot figure out what the heck is going on or where the pain is coming from
It is the interaction of the ______ efferents that give the localized pain pattern seen
somatic
Given that there is afferent visceral and somatic innervation, what can be seen with a visceral disturbance?
The somatic muscle activity can be seen with disturbances of the visceral organs; ie people can get back pain or something when they are having visceral problems and cause hypertonicity of the muscle
***RMR Dr. Joys story about how she treated somebody with heart issues and only came to that conclusion after she was not adequately able to treat her back and ordered more testing and boom… heart stuff
Describe the descending influences on the visceral and somatic reflexes
Effects the long-lasting excitability of the outflows and maintains the reflex: AMPLIFIES
can inhibit the somatic and autonomic outflow if needed
The sensitization of the interneurons act as an _____ of the inputs; hence more output is expected
amplifier
Describe the relationship between somatic and visceral reflexes- how do they affect each other
A visceral problem can cause a somatic response; hypertonicity, somatic dysfunctions, etc
But somatic can also reflexively alter visceral function: decompensation of homeostasis
The musculoskeletal palpatory findings may correlate with visceral disturbances which is called the….
Somatic component of disease
When a stimulus is repeated at a rate of about 1-2 seconds, and the response grows for about 20 seconds and then stabilizes, this is called _____
Sensitization
When a stimulus is repeated but there is a decreased response in the neural pathway, this is called ______
Habituation
What is the relationship between habituation and sensitization
They are opposite! Or inversely proportional for the math nerds
Why do habituation and sensitization happen together?
To maintain the homeostasis between habituation and sensitization so that there is a homeostasis between over and under reaction of the reflexes
_______ is the maintenance of a pool of neurons in a state of sub threshold excitation
Facilitation
*** a little bit of action causes stimulation (facilitation is a middle school aged boy)
What are the causes of facilitation?
Sustained increase of afferent input
Aberrant patterns of afferent input
Changes in the afferent neurons or the chemical environment
What theory does sensitization, habituation, and facilitation fall under?
The theory of nociception
Altering ______ stimuli will alter facilitation
nociceptive
Describe the method of action of nociception
The stimulus depolarizes the nociceptive pathway
The impulse travels to the spinal cord
Branches to multiple sites
Peptide release at motoneurons in peripheral tissues
Peptides cause the inflammatory cascade to occur
THIS lowers the nociceptor threshold and increases input to the SC
True/False There are nociceptors in the brain and hyaline cartilage
FALSE: THERE ARE NOT NOCICEPTORS IN THE BRAIN AND HYALINE CARTILAGE
What does inflammation do the balance between habituation and sensitization?
Inflammation disrupts the balance (she’s a home wrecker) and causes larger than normal motor outputs to the autonomics and somatic systems leading to low threshold spinal reflexes
When the threshold of the spinal reflexes are lowered, like seen in inflammation, this is called what?
The facilitated segment
People named Korr and Denslow talked about this apparently; idk could be a dumbass question so rmr those names
Describe Short Term excitability
Sensitization
1-2 seconds of afferent input
Excitability lasts 90-120 seconds
Describe Long term sensitization
Input is several minutes
Excitability lasts for hours
Describe fixation
afferent input for 15-40 minutes
excitability lasts for days or weeks
Describe permanent excitability
Lasts for forever and causes death of the inhibitory neurons
What are the steps for increasing the sensitivity of the neurons?
Short term excitability
Long term sensitization
Fixation
Permanent Excitability
What was DEnslow’s contribution to the facilitated segment concept?
He tested the afferent inputs using and EMG
Basically he discovered long lasting low threshold afferent inputs that were all at the same level and noticed associated physiological stress which brought him to the conclusion that
These excitable areas that he found were associated with injury and disease
How did Korr build on Denslow’s discovery?
He said that the low threshold reflexes represented a hyper-excited state because they kept getting input; creating the term “facilitated segment”
What are the two components of the facilitated segment concept?
Skeletal muscle and the sympathetic nervous system
The nervous system keeps pinging the afferent inputs and results in the muscular hyper-excitability (hypertonicity)
_____ is the ability to maintain general health
allostasis
What is the method/mode of action of allostasis
- stimulus is applied to tissues (typically an insult)
- Inflammation from peptide release (chemical soup)
- Primary afferent sensitization
- Hyperalgesia: exaggerated response to noxious stimuli (me to staci when she hits me)
In english:
A nasty message is sent to the tissues causing the tissues to get defensive and release chemicals against the insult, then there is a sensitization in the tissues which causes an increased response causing increased pain from further insults.
Secondary hyperalgesia develops _____ _______
Central sensitization
After secondary hyperalgesia is initiated, what happens to the dorsal neurons?
Calcium channels open
Phosphorylation cascades
Inhibitory neurons lose function
HELP TO maintain facilitation
*** reminds us not to get injured agin so that we can maintain allostasis
After secondary hyperalgesia is initiated, what happens to the ventral neurons?
Facilitation outflows to the autonomics which affects the visceral function
Facilitation outflows to the soma which causes muscle spasms (asymmetry, altered ROM)
After secondary hyperalgesia is initiated, what happens to the brainstem?
Facilitation decreases the endogenous descending pathways which stimulates the arousal system