Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Human Anatomy Lab - DPT 683 > Visceral Organs > Flashcards

Visceral Organs Flashcards

1
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Diaphragm

Action:

  • Dome of diaphragm flattens during inspiration.
  • Contraction increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity.

Origin:

  • Sternal part (not always present): xiphoid process.
  • Costal part: ribs 5-10 and their costal cartilages.
  • Lumbar part: Arcuate ligaments and L1-3 vertebral bodies

Insertion:

  • Central tendon

Innervation:

  • Phrenic nerve

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

?

blue

Visceral Organs

A

Left Lung

Location:

  • Pulmonary cavity (in lateral thoracic cavity)
  • Surrounded by pleural cavity

Description:

  • Two lobes: upper (or superior) and lower (or inferior), separated by oblique fissure
  • Medial surface has hilum with airway and pulmonary vessels
  • Surface of lung covered with visceral pleura

Function:

  • Primary organ of respiration

Comment:

  • Thoracic cavity divided into three parts: mediastinum, and right and left pulmonary cavities

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

?

blue

Visceral Organs

A

Left Lung - Superior Lobe

Location:

  • Left lung

Description:

  • Dominates anterior surface of lung
  • Dome-shaped apex posterior and superior to clavicle (in root of neck)
  • Separated from inferior lobe by oblique fissure
  • Receives lobar (secondary) bronchus
  • Surface of lung covered with visceral pleura

Function:

  • Primary organ of respiration

Comment:

  • Left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior

Also known as:

  • Upper lobe of left lung

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Left Lung - Inferior Lobe

Location:

  • Left lung

Description:

  • Concave base rests on diaphragm
  • Separated from superior lobe by oblique fissure
  • Receives lobar (secondary) bronchus
  • Surface of lung covered with visceral pleura

Function:

  • Primary organ of respiration

Comment:

  • Left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior

Also known as:

  • Lower lobe of left lung

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

?

blue

Visceral Organs

A

Left Lung - Oblique Fissure

Location:

  • Left lung

Description:

  • Deep, narrow cleft
  • Separates superior and inferior left lobes
  • Passes through hilum

Comment:

  • Surface projection follows line connecting spinous process of T2 (posteriorly) with left 6th costal cartilage (anteriorly)

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

?

blue

Visceral Organs

A

Left Lung - Cardiac Notch

Location:

  • Left lung (upper lobe)

Description:

  • Anterior, indented region of upper lobe
  • Adjacent to left side of heart

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Left Lung - Lingula

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Lung

Location:

  • Pulmonary cavity (in lateral thoracic cavity).
  • Surrounded by pleural cavity

Description:

  • Three lobes: upper (or superior), middle, and lower (or inferior), separated by two fissures - oblique and horizontal.
  • Medial surface has hilum with airway and pulmonary vessels.
  • Surface of lung covered with visceral pleura.

Function:

  • Primary organ of respiration

Comment:

  • Thoracic cavity divided into three parts: mediastinum, and right and left pulmonary cavities.

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Right Lung - Superior Lobe:

Location:

  • Right lung

Description:

  • Dominates anterior surface of lung
  • Dome-shaped apex posterior and superior to clavicle (in root of neck)
  • Separated from middle lobe by horizontal fissure
  • Separated from inferior lobe by oblique fissure
  • Receives lobar (secondary) bronchus
  • Surface of lung covered with visceral pleura

Function:

  • Primary organ of respiration

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Lung - Middle Lobe:

Location:

  • Right lung

Description:

  • Separated from superior lobe by horizontal fissure.
  • Separated from inferior lobe by oblique fissure.
  • Receives lobar (secondary) bronchus
  • Surface of lung covered with visceral pleura.

Function:

  • Primary organ of respiration

Comment:

  • Right lung has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Lung - Inferior Lobe:

Location:

  • Right lung

Description:

  • Concave base rests on diaphragm
  • Separated from middle lobe and superior lobe by oblique fissure
  • Receives lobar (secondary) bronchus
  • Surface of lung covered with visceral pleura

Function:

  • Primary organ of respiration

Comment:

  • Right lung has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior
  • Also known as:
  • Lower lobe of right lung

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Lung - Oblique Fissure:

Location:

  • Right lung

Description:

  • Deep, narrow cleft
  • Separates superior from inferior lobe
  • Separates middle from inferior lobe
  • Passes through hilum

Comment:

  • Surface projection follows line connecting spinous process of T2 (posteriorly) with left 6th costal cartilage (anteriorly).
  • Joined by horizontal fissure at midaxillary line.

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Lung - Horizontal Fissure:

Location:

  • Right lung

Description:

  • Short, deep cleft
  • Separates superior and middle right lobes
  • Joins oblique fissure laterally (at midaxillary line)
  • Surface projection: right 4th rib and costal cartilage

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Regions (Both Lungs) - Apex

Location:

  • Right and left lung

Description:

  • The blunt region that is most superior aspect of the right and left lungs
  • The apex is superior to rib 1
  • The apex is covered superiorly by cervical pleura (pleural cupola)

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Regions (Both Lungs) - Base:

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Regions (Both Lungs) - Costal Surface

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Regions (Both Lungs) - Mediastinal Surface:

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Regions (Both Lungs) - Diaphragmatic Surface

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

?

green

Visceral Organs

A

Pleura - Parietal Pleura:

Location:

Thorax

Description:

  • Thin, serous membrane
  • Lines pulmonary cavity
  • Fused to internal walls of thoracic cavity and lateral surface of mediastinum.
  • Continuous with visceral pleura at root of lung.
  • Regions include mediastinal, cervical, diaphragmatic, and costal.

Comment:

  • Pleural cavity created by narrow space between parietal and visceral layers of pleura
  • Thorax has three subdivisions: mediastinum and right and left pulmonary cavities
  • Costal and peripheral diaphragmatic pleura innervated by intercostal nerves.

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

?

green

Visceral Organs

A

Pleura - Visceral Pleura

Location:

  • Thoracic cavity

Description:

  • Thin, serous membrane.
  • Fused to surface of lung.
  • Continuous with parietal pleura at root of lung.
  • Separated from parietal pleura by pleural cavity.

Comment:

  • Thoracic cavity divided into midline mediastinum and right and left pulmonary cavities.

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Trachea

Location:

  • Neck
  • Thoracic cavity (mediastinum)
  • Between larynx and tracheal bifurcation

Description:

  • Rigid tube held open by a series of “C-shaped” cartilaginous rings (open end of rings directed posteriorly)
  • Cartilaginous rings connected by anular ligaments of trachea
  • Posterior aspect of tracheal rings closed by fibroelastic trachealis muscle

Also known as:

  • “Windpipe”

Comment:

  • Tracheotomy is surgical procedure to open trachea in neck to bypass an airway obstruction

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

?

blue

Visceral Organs

A

Trachea - Left Main Bronchi

Location:

  • Thorax

Description:

  • Formed at bifurcation of trachea
  • Longer, more narrow, and less vertical than right main bronchus
  • Component of root and hilum of left lung

Also known as:

  • Left primary bronchus

Comment:

  • Foreign bodies that enter trachea tend to pass to right main bronchus

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

?

blue

Visceral Organs

A

Trachea - Right Main Bronchi

Location:

  • Thorax

Description:

  • Formed at bifurcation of trachea
  • Shorter, wider, and more vertical than left main bronchus
  • Component of root and hilum of right lung

Also known as:

  • Right primary bronchus

Comment:

  • Foreign bodies that enter trachea tend to pass to right main bronchus

Pulmonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Atrium

Location:
Heart

Description:

  • One of four heart chambers
  • Thin, smooth, posterior wall
  • Thin, rough anterior wall (pectinate muscles)
  • Receives superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus
  • Internal features include interatrial septum, fossa ovalis, and crista terminalis

Comment:

  • Forms right surface of heart
  • Separated from right ventricle by atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve.

Cardiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Atrium - Opening for Coronary Sinus

Drainage:

  • Receives venous blood from heart

Tributaries:

  • Great, middle, and small cardiac veins

Course:

  • Passes from left to right in posterior portion of coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus

Termination:

  • Right atrium

Cardiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Ventricle

Location:

  • Heart

Description:

  • One of four heart chambers
  • Rough, muscular walls (trabeculae carneae).
  • Muscle wall thicker than either atrium, and thinner than left ventricle.
  • Internal features include papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, interventricular septum, and conus arteriosus.

Comment:

  • Separated from right atrium by atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve.
  • Separated from pulmonary trunk by pulmonary valve.
  • Responsible for pumping oxygen-poor blood to lungs.

Cardiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Atrioventricular Valve

Location:

  • Heart (between right atrium and right ventricle).

Description:

  • Valve with three cusps
  • Chordae tendineae attach free edges of cusps to papillary muscles

Also known as:

  • Tricuspid valve

Comment:

  • Valve is open during ventricular diastole

Cardiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Tricuspid Valve - Cusps (Anterior, Posterior, and Septal)

Cardiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Chordae Tendonae

Cardiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Papillary Muscle - (Anterior, Posterior, and Septal):

Location:

Heart ventricles

Description:

  • Conical elevations of myocardium in ventricular chambers.
  • Chordae tendineae attached to apex
    A type of trabeculae carneae.

Function:

  • Regulates movement of atrioventricular valve cusps
    Helps assure proper closure of atrioventricular valves
    Comment:
    Right ventricle has three, left ventricle has two (number corresponds to number of respective atrioventricular valve cusps)

Cardiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Trabecula Carnae:

Location:

  • Heart ventricles

Description:

  • Irregular, muscular elevations on internal surface of both ventricles.

Comment:

  • Absent in aortic vestibule and conus arteriosus.
  • Papillary muscles are a type of trabeculae carneae.

Cardiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Left Atrium

Location:

  • Heart

Description:

  • One of four heart chambers
  • Thin, smooth wall
  • Receives four pulmonary veins
  • Internal features include interatrial septum.

Comment:

  • Forms most of base of heart
    Separated from left ventricle by left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve
    Only its auricle seen in anterior view of heart.

Cardiology

33
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Left Auricle:

Location:

  • Heart

Description:

  • Small, conical, pouch-like extension of left atrium.
  • Thin, rough wall (pectinate muscles).

Comment:

  • Only portion of left atrium seen in anterior view of heart.
  • Latin: auricula = small ear

Cardiology

34
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Left Ventricle

Location:

  • Heart

Description:

  • One of four heart chambers
  • Thick, muscular walls
  • Internal features include papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, trabeculae carneae, interventricular septum, and aortic vestibule.

Comment:

  • Separated from left atrium by left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve
  • Separated from aorta by aortic valve
  • Walls twice as thick as right ventricle
  • Forms apex of heart
  • Responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood to body (except lungs)

Cardiology

35
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve -

Location:

  • Heart

Description:

  • Valve with two cusps between left atrium and ventricle.
  • Chordae tendineae attach free edges of cusps to papillary muscles.

Function:

  • Prevents reflux of blood into left atrium
  • Also known as: Bicuspid or mitral valve (shaped like a hat (miter) of a Roman Catholic Bishop).

Comment:

  • Valve is open during ventricular diastole.

Cardiology

36
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Aortic Valve

Location:

  • Heart
  • At junction of left ventricle (aortic vestibule) and ascending aorta

Description:

  • Valve with three semilunar cusps

Function:

Prevents reflux of blood into left ventricle.

Comment:

  • Valve closed during ventricular diastole.
  • Coronary arteries branch from ascending aorta just distal to aortic valve.

Cardiology

37
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Regions - Apex

Cardiology

38
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Regions - Base

Cardiology

39
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Ascending Aorta

Origin:

  • Left ventricle (aortic vestibule)

Course:

  • Ascends short distance (approx. 5 cm) within pericardium
  • Distribution:
  • Heart (via coronary arteries)

Branches:

  • Right and left coronary arteries
  • Continues as arch of aorta

Comment:

  • Has aortic valve at origin
  • Large arteries do not by themselves supply structures, but do so through their branches

Angiology

40
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right Coronary A.

Origin:

  • Ascending aorta

Course:

  • Passes between pulmonary trunk and right auricle
  • Lies in coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus

Distribution:

  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Interventricular septum
  • Left ventricle

Branches:

  • Right atrial
  • Right marginal
  • Posterior interventricular

Comment:

  • Large arteries do not by themselves supply structures, but do so through their branches.

Angiology

41
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Posterior Interventricular A.

Origin:

  • Right coronary artery

Course:

  • Courses through posterior interventricular sulcus

Distribution:

  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
  • Interventricular septum

Comment:

  • Accompanies middle cardiac vein in posterior interventricular sulcus.
  • Right dominant heart: Posterior interventricular artery derived from right coronary artery (80%).
  • Left dominant heart: Posterior interventricular artery derived from circumflex branch of left coronary artery (20%)

Angiology

42
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Left Coronary A.

Angiology

43
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Circumflex Branch

Origin:

  • Left coronary

Course:

  • Passes from anterior to posterior surface of heart in left portion of coronary sulcus

Distribution:

  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle

Branches:

  • Left marginal
  • May continue as posterior interventricular branch

Angiology

44
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Aortic Arch

Origin:

  • Ascending aorta

Course:

  • Arches diagonally and posteriorly to the left

Distribution:

  • Head, including brain
  • Neck
  • Upper extremities

Branches:

  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Left common carotid
  • Left subclavian
  • Continues as descending (thoracic) aorta

Comment:

  • Ligamentum arteriosum attached to concave surface of arch
  • Large arteries do not by themselves supply structures, but do so through their branches

Angiology

45
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Brachiocephalic Trunk

Angiology

46
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Common Carotid A.

Origin:

  • Right: brachiocephalic trunk from arch of aorta
  • Left: arch of aorta

Course:

  • Exits thorax and ascends in neck

Distribution:

  • Structures of head and neck

Branches:

  • Internal and external carotid arteries (at level of C4 vertebra)

Comment:

  • Has no branches before terminal branches
  • Enclosed in carotid sheath
  • Carotid sheath is a fascial sleeve which contains common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve (CN X), and lymphatic channels
  • Large arteries do not by themselves supply structures, but do so through their branches

Angiology

47
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Subclavian A.

Origin:

  • Right: brachiocephalic trunk from arch of aorta
  • Left: arch of aorta

Course:

  • Arches over rib 1

Branches:

  • Vertebral
  • Internal thoracic
  • Costocervical trunk
  • Thyrocervical trunk
  • Suprascapular (sometimes)
  • Continues as axillary artery at lateral border of rib 1

Comment:

  • Large arteries do not by themselves supply structures, but do so through their branches

Angiology

48
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Pulmonary Trunk

Origin:

  • Right ventricle

Course:

  • Ascends within pericardium
  • Initially anterior to ascending aorta and then to its left and slightly posterior.

Distribution:

  • Lungs

Branches:

  • Right pulmonary artery
  • Left pulmonary artery

Comment:

  • Conveys oxygen-poor blood from right ventricle of heart
  • Has pulmonary (semilunar) valve at its origin
  • Large arteries do not by themselves supply structures, but do so through their branches

Angiology

49
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right and Left Pulmonary A.

Origin:

  • Pulmonary trunk

Course:

  • Left: laterally, inferior to arch of aorta and anterior to left main bronchus.
  • Right: laterally, posterior to ascending aorta and superior vena cava.
  • Through root and hilum of respective lungs

Distribution:

  • Lung

Branches:

  • Lobar arteries to lung lobes

.

Angiology

50
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Right and Left Pulmonary V.

(L) Drainage:

  • Lungs

Tributaries:

  • Lobar veins

Course:

  • Two veins pass through root of each lung (i.e., four pulmonary veins in total) and directly into left atrium

Termination:

  • Left atrium

Comment:

  • Carry oxygen-rich blood

(R) Drainage:

  • Lungs

Tributaries:

  • Lobar veins

Course:

  • Two veins pass through root of each lung (i.e., four pulmonary veins in total) and directly into left atrium

Termination:

  • Left atrium

Comment:

  • Carry oxygen-rich blood

Angiology

51
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Coronary Sinus

Drainage:

  • Receives venous blood from heart

Tributaries:

  • Great, middle, and small cardiac veins

Course:

  • Passes from left to right in posterior portion of coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus.

Termination:

  • Right atrium

Angiology

52
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Great Cardiac V.

Drainage:

  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle

Course:

  • Ascends in anterior interventricular sulcus
  • Enters coronary sulcus

Termination:

  • Coronary sinus

Also known as:

  • Anterior interventricular vein

Comment:

  • Companion to anterior interventricular artery

Angiology

53
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Middle Cardiac V.

Drainage:

  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle

Course:

  • Ascends in posterior interventricular sulcus from apex of heart

Termination:

  • Coronary sinus

Also known as:

  • Posterior interventricular vein

Comment:

  • Companion to posterior interventricular artery

Angiology

54
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Superior Vena Cava:

Drainage:

  • Head
  • Upper limbs
  • Posterior thoracic walls
  • Mediastinal structures
  • Tributaries:
  • Formed by union of right and left brachiocephalic veins
  • Arch of azygos vein

Course:

  • Descends in mediastinum from level of right 1st costal cartilage.

Termination:

  • Right atrium

Angiology

55
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Brachiocephalic V.

Drainage:

  • Head and neck
  • Upper limb
  • Tributaries:
  • Internal jugular
  • Subclavian

Course:

  • Left: descends obliquely to the right from junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins, posterior to manubrium it crosses midline.
  • Right: descends vertically from junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins; it does not cross midline.

Termination:

  • Superior vena cava

Also known as:

  • Innominate veins (Latin: innominatus = nameless)

Comment:

  • Lacks valves

Angiology

56
Q

Visceral Organs

A

Internal Juglar V.

Drainage:

  • Cranial cavity, including brain
  • Face
  • Neck

Tributaries:

  • Sigmoid sinus
  • Inferior petrosal sinus
  • Facial
  • Lingual
  • Pharyngeal
  • Superior and middle thyroid

Course:

  • Formed in jugular foramen of skull
  • Descends through neck in carotid sheath
  • Enters thorax
  • Termination:
  • Posterior to sternum unites with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein.

Comment:

  • Enclosed in carotid sheath
  • Carotid sheath is fascial sleeve containing common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve (CN X), and lymphatic channels

Angiology

57
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Subclavian V.

Drainage:

  • Upper limb
  • Superficial back and neck
  • Tributaries:
  • Continuation of axillary
  • External jugular
  • Dorsal scapular
  • Anterior jugular (sometimes)
  • Thoracic duct (left side only)
  • Right lymphatic duct (right side only)

Course:

  • Begins at lateral border of rib 1
  • Arches over rib 1 to enter thoracic cavity
  • Termination:
  • Joins internal jugular vein posterior to sternum to form brachiocephalic vein

Angiology

58
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Inferior Vena Cava

Drainage:

  • Everything inferior to diaphragm, except posterior abdominal wall, which drains into azygos system

Tributaries:

  • Common iliac
  • Lumbar
  • Right testicular/ovarian
  • Renal
  • Right suprarenal
  • Inferior phrenic
  • Hepatic

Course:

  • Ascends from level of L4 vertebral body, through diaphragm, to heart

Termination:

  • Right atrium of heart

Comment:

  • Largest vein of body

Angiology

59
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Submandibular gland

Location:

  • Neck (inferior to body of mandible)
  • Head (medial to body of mandible)
  • Description:
  • “C” shaped salivary gland (around posterior edge of mylohyoid muscle)
  • Has capsule
  • Has superficial and deep parts
  • Has single duct

Function:

  • Produces and secretes components of saliva
  • Produces 60-70% of saliva

Comment:

  • Serous (primarily) and mucous secretions/
  • Functions of saliva include: moistening and lubrication of food before swallowing; secretion of amylase for initial digestion of polysaccharides; dissolving some food molecules to aid in taste; and secretion of lysozyme, which has antibacterial activity.
  • Three major, paired salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.

Gastroenterology

60
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Esophagus

Location:

  • Cervical part: neck (inferior)
  • Thoracic part: thorax (posterior mediastinum)
  • Abdominal part: abdomen (left upper quadrant)

Description:

  • Muscular tube
  • Superior third: striated muscle
  • Middle third: striated and smooth muscle
  • Inferior third: smooth muscle
  • Passes through diaphragm (esophageal hiatus)

Function:

  • Conveys food from pharynx to stomach
  • Peristaltic (wave-like) contractions during swallowing

Comment:

  • “Heartburn” (reflux esophagitis) results from regurgitation of stomach contents

Gastroenterology

61
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Liver

Location:

  • Abdomen
  • Immediately inferior to diaphragm
  • In upper abdominal quadrants; in epigastric and right hypochondriac regions.

Description:

  • Accessory digestive organ
  • Four lobes: right, left, quadrate, and caudate
  • Largest visceral organ
  • Suspended from diaphragm by peritoneum

Function:

  • Produces and secretes bile and plasma proteins
  • Stores glycogen, minerals, and vitamins
  • Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
  • Modifies hormones
  • Removes (phagocytizes) bacteria

Comment:

  • Adult liver typically does not project inferior to costal margin
  • Alcoholism, drug abuse, and liver disease can lead to destruction of hepatocytes (liver cells) resulting in cirrhosis

Gastroenterology

62
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Gallbladder

Location:

  • Abdomen (right upper quadrant)
  • Inferior to liver in shallow fossa on quadrate lobe
  • In right upper abdominal quadrant; in epigastric and right hypochondriac regions

Description:

  • Pear shaped, hollow, muscular organ
  • Cystic duct connects to neck of gallbladder
  • Function:
  • Storage, concentration, and release of bile

Comment:

  • Bile passes from the liver to gallbladder for storage and from the gallbladder to the duodenum for emulsification and digestion of lipids
  • Precipitation of bile salts or cholesterol forms gallstones (cholelithiasis)

Gastroenterology

63
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Abdominal Aorta

Origin:

  • Thoracic aorta
  • Course:
  • Parallels vertebral column, slightly left of midline
  • Divides into common iliac arteries on body of L4 vertebra

Distribution:

  • Abdominal and pelvic viscera
  • Walls of abdomen and pelvis
  • Ovaries and testis

Branches:

  • Celiac
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Inferior mesenteric
  • Middle suprarenal
  • Renal
  • Gonadal
  • Inferior phrenic
  • Lumbar
  • Median sacral
  • Continues as right and left common iliac

Gastroenterology

64
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Stomach

Location:

  • Abdomen
  • In upper abdominal quadrants; in epigastric and left hypochondriac regions

Description:

  • Hollow, muscular organ
  • Characteristic “J” shape
  • Four parts (proximal to distal): cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part
  • Between esophagus and duodenum

Function:

  • Initiates digestion of protein
  • Mixes gastric contents
  • Peristaltic contractions move contents toward pyloric sphincter

Comment:

  • Concave superior border forms lesser curvature
  • Convex inferior border forms greater curvature
  • Pyloric part of stomach includes an antrum, canal, and pylorus (the latter includes a sphincter and orifice)

Gastroenterology

65
Q

?

yellow

Visceral Organs

A

Spleen

Location:

  • Abdomen
  • In contact with diaphragm and lower ribs on left
  • In left upper abdominal quadrant; in left hypochondriac region

Description:

  • Largest lymphatic organ
  • Highly vascular tissue surrounded by capsule

Function:

  • Initiates immune response to blood antigens
  • Reservoir for red and white blood cells
  • Phagocytoses (removes) old and damaged blood cells and bacteria and other foreign material

Comment:

  • Protected posteriorly by rib cage
  • Spleen monitors blood for antigens whereas lymph nodes monitor lymph

Gastroenterology

66
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Duodenum

Location:

  • Abdomen (right upper quadrant)
  • Between pylorus of stomach and jejunum

Description:

  • “C-shaped” with concavity directed toward left
  • First and shortest part (25 cm) of small intestine
  • Adjacent to head of pancreas
  • Four parts (proximal to distal): superior (first), descending (second), horizontal (third), and ascending (fourth)

Function:

  • Receives ingested material (chyme) from stomach
  • Bile and pancreatic juices enter second part
  • Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion
  • Absorbs nutrients
  • Peristaltic contractions move contents toward jejunum.

Gastroenterology

67
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Jejunum

Location:

  • Abdomen
  • Between duodenum (proximal) and ileum (distal)

Description:

  • Jejunum (2.5 meters in length): second part of small intestine.

Function:

  • Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Comment:

  • Jejunum makes up two-fifths of small intestine; ileum makes up three-fifths of small intestine

Gastroenterology

68
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Ileum

Location:

  • Abdomen
  • Between jejunum (proximal) and cecum (distal)
  • Pelvis

Description:

  • Third (terminal) part of small intestine
  • 3.5 meters in length
  • Wall contains abundant Peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules)

Function:

  • Final stages of nutrient absorption
  • Protection against microorganisms (Peyer’s patches)

Gastroenterology

69
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Cecum

Location:

  • Large intestine
  • In right lower abdominal quadrant; in right inguinal region

Description:

  • Portion of large intestine on right side
  • Pouch (“blind-ended” sac) inferior to ileocecal junction
  • Approximately 6 cm in length
  • Continuous with vermiform appendix (inferior) and ascending colon (superior)

Function:

  • Water and electrolyte absorption
  • Absorption of vitamin B and vitamin K produced by bacteria in colon (normal gut flora)

Comment:

  • Latin: cecum = blind

Gastroenterology

70
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Ascending Colon

Location:

  • Abdomen (right upper and lower quadrants)
  • Between cecum (inferior) and transverse colon (superior)

Description:

  • Portion of large intestine on right side
    Approximately 15 cm in length

Function:

  • Water and electrolyte absorption
  • Absorption of vitamin B and vitamin K produced by bacteria in colon (normal gut flora)

Gastroenterology

71
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Transverse Colon

Location:

  • Abdomen
  • Between ascending colon at right colic flexure (proximal) and descending colon at left colic flexure (distal)

Description:

  • Part of large intestine
  • Variable in length; usually approximately 50 cm in length
  • Passes horizontally across abdominal cavity
  • Suspended from posterior abdominal wall by transverse mesocolon

Function:

  • Water and electrolyte absorption
  • Absorption of vitamin B and vitamin K produced by bacteria in colon (normal gut flora)
  • Store feces

Comment:

  • Most mobile part of large intestine

Gastroenterology

72
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Descending Colon

Location:

  • Abdomen (left upper and lower quadrants)
  • Between transverse colon (superior) and sigmoid colon (inferior)

Description:

  • Portion of large intestine on left side
  • Approximately 25 cm in length

Function:

  • Water and electrolyte absorption
  • Absorption of vitamin B and vitamin K produced by bacteria in colon (normal gut flora)

Gastroenterology

73
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Sigmoid Colon

Location:

  • Pelvis
  • Begins in left iliac fossa
  • Ends at S3 vertebra (sacrum)

Description:

  • Part of large intestine
  • Characteristic “S”-shape
  • Continuous with descending colon (superior) and rectum (inferior)

Function:

  • Water and electrolyte absorption
  • Storage of feces

Gastroenterology

74
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Appendix

Gastroenterology

75
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Thyroid Gland

Location:

  • Neck (anterior inferior)

Description:

  • Bilobed endocrine gland
  • Normally composed of left and right lateral lobes connected across midline by isthmus of gland.
  • An additional, superiorly-directed, conical pyramidal lobe present 50% of the time.

Function:

  • Follicular cells: synthesize and secrete thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).
  • Parafollicular cells: synthesize and secrete calcitonin.

Other Structures

76
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Kidney

Location:

  • Abdomen (posterior wall)
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Left kidney higher than right

Description:

  • Paired, bean-shaped organ
  • Concave, medial border is point of entrance/exit of renal vessels and ureter
  • Contains cortex, medulla, and renal sinus

Function:

  • Removes excess water, electrolytes, and wastes of protein metabolism from blood.
  • Urine formation
  • Synthesizes calcitrol, a form of vitamin D, which stimulates uptake of calcium and phosphate by intestinal cells.
  • Releases erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low blood oxygen (EPO causes increased production and maturation of erythrocytes).
  • Produces renin, an enzyme that helps form angiotensin II, a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation and water (fluid) balance.

Comment:

  • Surrounded and supported by layers of connective tissue and fat.

Other Structures

77
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Renal a.

Origin:

  • Abdominal aorta

Course:

  • Passes laterally to enter kidney
  • Distribution:
  • Kidney
  • Ureter (upper part)
  • Suprarenal gland

Branches:

  • Four or five branches near hilum of kidney.

Comment:

  • Right renal artery longer than left renal artery.

Other Structures

78
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Renal vein

Drainage:

  • Kidney
  • Ureter (upper part)
  • Suprarenal (adrenal) gland (left side only)
  • Gonad (left side only)

Tributaries:

  • Gonadal vein (left side only)
  • Suprarenal vein (left side only)

Course:

  • Passes medially from kidney
  • Anterior to renal arteries
  • Termination:
  • Inferior vena cava

Comment:

  • Left renal vein three times longer than right.

Other Structures

79
Q

?

Visceral Organs

A

Ureter

Location:

  • Abdominal cavity (posterior abdominal wall)
  • Lateral pelvis
  • Description:
  • Muscular tube
  • 25-30 cm in length
  • Begins at hilum of kidney
  • Enters base of urinary bladder as ureteric orifice

Function:

  • Transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder

Comment:

  • Lies anterior to bifurcation of common iliac artery
  • In female: passes inferior to uterine artery
  • In male: crossed by vas deferens

Flow of urine from kidney:

  • collecting duct >
  • renal papilla >
  • minor calyx >
  • major calyx >
  • renal pelvis >
  • ureter >
  • urinary bladder >
  • urethra

Other Structures

Clinical Human Anatomy Lab - DPT 683 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions