Viscera of neck: pharynx and larynx

Question 1

Define pharynx

Answer 1

Pharynx is a muscular tube attached to the base of the skull ,it is posterior to the nasal acavity, oral cavity and the larynx

Question 2

List the three parts of the pharynz

Answer 2

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• ## laryngopharynx

Question 3

Describe the soft palate

Answer 3

Fibromuscular structure attached to the back of
the palatine bone
Can be elevated, or depressed: 2 muscles for
each action (4 in total)

Question 4

List the four muscles of the soft palate

Answer 4

Tensor Veli Palatini (TVP)
O: Between the pterygoid plates; tendon passes under
the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate
I: Into the lateral margin of the palatine aponeurosis
Action: Tenses the palate

Levator Veli Palatini (LVP)
O: Apex of petrous temporal bone and
pharyngotympanic tube
I: Upper and lateral part of palatine
aponeurosis
Action: Elevates the soft palate

Palatoglossus
O: edge of soft palate, anteriorly
I: Postero-lateral surface of the tongue
Action: Elevates the posterior tongue

Palatopharyngeus
O: edge of soft palate,
posteriorly
I: fibres pass directly down
and blend into pharyngeal
walls
Action: Elevates the pharynx

innervation? phar plex via 10, exc tensor - V3

note also: musculus uvulae

Question 5

Describe the openings of the pharynx

Answer 5

• choane: open into nasopharynx from nasal cavity
• fauces: open into oropharynx from oral cavity
• laryngeal inlet: pharynx with ;arynx

Question 6

Identify the features of the pharynx

Answer 6

Question 7

Describe the sensory innervation of the different parts of the pharynx

Answer 7

• naso: sensory olfactory, rest: The remainder of the nasal cavity is innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).
  The ophthalmic nerve V1 innervates the anterior portion (respiratory region/nasal vestibules), while the maxillary V2 innervates the conchae and meatuses (respiratory region).
• oro: glossopharyngeal nerve via pharyngeal(10)? plexus
• laryngo: 10

Question 8

Recall the nature of glossopharyngeal nerve fibres

Answer 8

Mixed cranial nerve
- Somatic sensory
- Somatic motor
- Autonomic sensory
- Autonomic motor

Question 9

Describe in detail the sensory and motor function of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 9

somatic sensory:
- * Middle ear
* Oropharynx
* Posterior 1/3 of tongue
nucleus = sensory trigeminal

Auto sensory
* taste sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue
* baroreceptors and chemoreceptors to
control blood pressure and breathing

nucleus: solitary nucleus

Somatic motor
- Muscles for swallowing and voice
production via stylopharyngeus
nucleus: ambiguus

Autonomic motor
Salivary gland (parotid)
nucleus inf sal

Question 10

Recall entry and exit of glossopharyngela nerve

Answer 10

Entry and exit of skull: magnum, jugular

Exit from brainstem:
medulla, lateral to
olive

Question 11

What is the consequence of damage to glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 11

Damage results in loss of (bitter and sour)
taste and impaired swallowing and blood
pressure anomalies (together with CN X)

Question 12

REcall nature of vagus nerve fibres

Answer 12

Mixed cranial nerve
- Somatic sensory
- Somatic motor
- Autonomic sensory
- Autonomic motor

Question 13

Break down the sensory and motor function of vagus nerve

Answer 13

Somatic sensory
* External ear
* Outside of ear drum

sens trigem nuc

Autonomic sensory
* Sensation larynx, trachea, esophagus,
thoracic and abdominal viscera
* Sensations from baroreceptors and
chemoreceptors
* Special sensory – taste from epiglottis
and pharynx

sol nuc

Somatic motor
Muscles for swallowing and voice
production via soft palate*, pharyngeal
and laryngeal muscles
nuc ambig

Autonomic motor
Smooth muscle of abdominal viscera, visceral
glands secretions, relaxation of airways, and
normal or decreased heart rate
Dosal nuc of X

Question 14

Describe consequence of damage to vagus nerve

Answer 14

Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice,
impaired swallowing, GI dysfunction, blood
pressure anomalies (with CN IX), fatal if both
are cut

Question 15

Describe accessory nerve

Answer 15

Pure motor nerve
Exit from brainstem:
medulla, lateral to
olive
Exit & entry to skull:
jugular foramen
Head, neck and shoulder movement via
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Swallowing via pharyngeal muscles
together with IX & X (pharyngeal plexus)
Spinal accessory (C1-5)
Nucleus ambiguous

Damage causes impaired head, neck and shoulder movement

Question 16

Describe the components of the pharyngeal plexus

Answer 16

IX, X and XI are the pharyngeal plexus

1.. Parasympathetic input to parotid gland,
bronchial tree, heart and GIT up to colic
flexure
2. Sensory innervation from soft palate, larynx,
pharynx and middle ear
3. Special sensory (taste) from posterior 1/3 of
the tongue and soft palate
4. Information about blood pressure and
chemistry from division of the carotid (IX) and
aortic sinus (X)
5. Motor innervation of pharyngeal, laryngeal
muscles and superficial neck and back
muscles

Question 17

Breakdown the pharyngeal muscles

Answer 17

Question 18

Describe blood supply to pharynx

Answer 18

• max
• ascendiing palatine
• tonisilar branch
• scending pharyngeal
• pharyngal branches
• inferior thyroid artery
• facial arteru

Question 19

Descrube the role and baseic components of larynx

Answer 19

Control inlet to the lungs –
prevent food from being
inspired
Bracing the thorax during effort
– muscular abdominal
straining; birthing
Vocalisation – adapted for
speech in humans

Nine cartilages; three unpaired, and six paired. They form the
laryngeal skeleton, which provides rigidity and stability.

Question 20

List the three unpaired cartilages and briefly describe their features

Answer 20

• cricoid
• thyroid
• epiglottis

Question 21

Describe paired cartilage of larynx

Answer 21

Question 22

dESCRIBE LIGAMENTS of larynx

Answer 22