Skeletal system Flashcards
Which cervical vertebra does NOT have a bifid spinous process?
C1 has no spinous process
Note: Its chief peculiarity is that it has no body, and this is due to the fact that the body of the atlas has fused with that of the Axis– to form the dens or odontoid process of the Axis
Recall: process- sharp slender projection, process in general refers to something emerging or projecting from the surface of the bone
Which ligament extends the length of the vertebral column and suports the vertebrae?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
The anterior longitudinal ligament runs down the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs of all of the vertebrae on their ventral side
may become calcified, causing back pain
What are the 6 ligaments of the vertebral column?
The major ligaments of the vertebral column include: the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamenta flava, supraspinatus ligament, ligamentum nuchae and the interspinous ligaments.
Define bone
Bones are rigid forms of connective tissue. They form most of the skeleton and provide a framework for sypppirt, movement, and protection of vital organs.
Bone is a strong and lightweight tissue. It is dynamic, being continually beng broken down and reformed through life.
Briefly define and list the compartments of the skeletal system
The skeletal system comprises bone and joints to create a framework protecting softer tissyes.
It is a somatic body system, which together with muscular and integumentary systems fives the body its form a nd shape, provides support and protection, and allows movement.
site haematopoiesis
Note the two ways in which bones is classified
structure of bone, and shape of bones
both of these determine their functions
Describe the structure of bone
Bone is not completely solid,
It contains manu spaces for bone marrow and blood vessles.
Based on the size and distribution of these spaces, bone can either be classified as one of the following:
- conpact/dense bone contains fewer and smaller spaces and more solid matter. It can be found in the external layer or cortex of all bones, and in the diaphyses of long bones
- spong/cancellous/trabecular bone: has more, larger spaces and is less solid. It is comprised of an irregular latticework called trabeculae. Usually forms central mass of short, flat and irregular bones, and the epiphyses of long bones.
The gaps between trabeculae contain red blood marrow
Where is red bone marrow found in bone?
Gaps between trabeculae in spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone
List and describe the functions of bone
The functions of bone and the skeletal system more broadly can be summarised as follows:
1. The protection of delicate internal organs from injury e.g. vertebrae and spinal cord, cranial bones and brain, rib cage and heart and lungs
- Yellow bone marrow stores lipids (fat) and is an important site of stored energy; it also releases fat
- The red bone marrow, in some bones, produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (i.e. haematopoiesis).
Sites of red bone marrow in the adult include:
- spongy bone tissue in : pelvic bones, ribs, sternum, vertebrae (Spine), proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
Note: in clinical setting, biopsy is typically taken from sternum or hip bone, in assessing if RBC production is normal
- Bone tissue stores minerals e.g. calcium, phosphate, essential for contraction of muscles and nervous system functioning
- The skeletal muscles attach to the bones of the skeleton and thus when they contractm they pull on bones, producing movement
- Bones form a framework for the body and provide support for the body and for soft tissues
Describe the pump handle and bucket handle movements during breathing
- pump handle: sternal ends of ribs lower than vertebral ends i.e. they slope down
- Elevation of ribs 1-6 i.e. movement oat costovertebral joints through necks of ribs, moves sternum at manubriosternal joint superioirly and anteriorly increase in diameter i.e. up and forward
- bucket: ribs 7-10 middle thirsds are cirved lower than sternal and vertebral ends, so rotations at joints moves the rib shaft laterally or swign outward, exoendung the transverse diameter of thorax.
when expirign: elastic recoil of lunds and weight of thoracic wall causes thorax to return to relax, shrinking transverse an anteropisteroer diameters
Describe the classifications of bone by shape and provide some examples
- Long: humerus, femur, clavicle modided,, longer than wise
- short: equal on asll sisdes eg carpals
- flat: cranial, scapula
- irregular: auricular bones, facial bones e.g. sphenid, vertebrae
- sesmoid: ppatella and pisidiform, developes due to waears in tendon, for protection against friction
Describe the tissue bone types
- cancellous/trabecular/spongy: traveculae characteristic, irregular latticework, site of haematocposiese, bulk of short boens, epiphyseal plate
- numerous and large spcace
- dense and compact: located in diaphyses, layer of compact, less spaces, more matter, solid matter
List potential sources of bone marrow
- hip and sterum (relevant clincially)
- aspirate to see if haematopoiesis is normal
- others: ribs, vertebrae, cranil bones, proxinal epiphyses of humerus and femut
Describe the general features of verterbrae
- iregular
- cervical thoracic lumbar and
- verterbral body, IV disc
- transverse process and spinous process - bifid in cervical
- lamina and pedicles
- vertebral formaen for canal
- superior and infereior articular process and facets
- superior and infereior arches
Diffrences:
- cervial smalelst, lumbar biggest to ber larger weidhgt
- pedicle moves from posterolateral or posterir
- foramen circle ot triangle
- read open close book articualr porcesses
- spinos orcesses from posterior ro inferoor
- cistatl facets onf transcerseprocesses of thoracic ribs: costotransverse joints
Descrie tibs
- heat
- tubercle: costotranser(articular na dnon- costotransverse ligament)
- anfle
- costal groove: art vein nerv (ant and lat cutaneous branches)
- body
- articulate with sternum at stericostal if true ie 1-7
- 8-10: vertebrochonsdral, join to cartilage of rib above
- 11-12 floating, post abdmonal bones attach (Sometimes 10)
named for vertebrae below
both costovertebral (head) and transvers are plane joint
superior of vertebrae above
inferioru of same nunbered
costotransvese= adjacent
Describe the clavicle
S shaped
modofied long bone
slender
acronimal and sternal ends
concave laterally, convex medially
has trabecular bone with corticular later
articualr with acromion of scapula dn sternum at clavivle notch
conoid tumercle on posterioir surgace, and subclavian groove for subclavian artery and vien
List joints and examples
- ball and socket
- plane and gliding
- hnge
- pibot
- saddle
- ellipsoid or condyliid
all above are synovial or synarthroses
then:
cartilaginous:
- primary: synchondrosis
- secondary: symphysis: pubic, fibrocartilage, IV bosides and discs
then:
fibrous
- gomphosis: tooth sicket periodeontal ligament, anchors teeth
- suture: dense fibrous conn eg coronal and sagital
- syndesmosis: radial and ulnar antebrachial interosseus membrane
Defien and describe features of typical and atypical ribs
Typical ribs:
3-9
- head
- neck
- tubercle (Articulating and non-articulating)
- costal angle
- bod: groove art ans nd
Atypical:
1- shortedst, broadest, curviest, one articualr facet for t1
2- thner, less curved, two feacers, rough superior tubrercle for serratus anter
10- one facet, may or may nto have tubercle
11 and 12short one facet. no tubercle, no neck
non art: affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle.
Describe the components and movements of the pectoral girdle
The shoulder girdle, also called the pectoral girdle, is an incomplete bony ring formed by the clavicle and scapula on each side of the body, joined anteriorly by the manubrium of the sternum. The bones of the shoulder girdle articulate with each other and partake in the formation of 4 joints that include:
The sternoclavicular joint - formed between the sternum and clavicle.
The acromioclavicular (AC) joint - formed between the scapula and the clavicle.
The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint - formed between the scapula and humerus.
The scapulothoracic joint - formed between the scapula and the posterior thoracic cage. (physiological)
Anchr- attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton, large range of motion (st)
SC:
- saddle joint by shape
- fucntionally ball and skeleton
- anterior and posterior movemtn
- elevation and depresssion
- circumduction, pivot for acromial circular motion
AC:
- plane
- ligaments many , corcacoid of scapula
Glenohumeral:
- ball and socket
- many ligaments (glenouhumeral)
- rorator cuff (four msucles)
ST:
- ant surface of scapula and posterior thoracic joint- permits most of motion, the sternoclav
The movements of the scapula are translated to the shoulder girdle as follows:
Protraction of the scapula: By moving the scapula laterally away from the spine, the shoulders are moved anteriorly and inwards.
Retraction of scapula: This movement pulls the scapula medially towards the spine and moves the shoulders backwards and inwards.
Elevation of scapula: Movement that allows the shoulder girdle to move upwards as in shrugging the shoulders.
Depression of scapula: In contrast to the latter, this movement allows for the scapula and shoulder girdle to move downwards.
Upward rotation of scapula: By rotating the lower scapula laterally and upwards the shoulder girdle moves upwards and inwards.
Downward rotation of scapula: Movement that rotates the lower scapula towards the spinal column that moves the shoulder girdle downwards.
Describe features of bone with 3 examples
Depresssion:
- fissure: narrow cleft like depression: superior and inferior orbiral fissure
- sulcus groove: costal, subclavian, groove, normally accommodates vessels and or nerve
- metaus: canal- inf and inf acoustic meatus
- sinus(paranasals), or dural venous sinuses
- notch: suprascapular, suprasternal/jug ntch, mandibular notch
Openings:
- fooramen: supra/infra orbital, mental, jugularl, magnum, rotundum, ovale, spinosum
- fossa/depression: cubital, popliteal, temporal
- fovea shallower depression than fossa: fovea capitis
Processes-
Joint forming:
- condume: large rpunded articular process: occiput, femiral, tibiral, medial and lateral
- facet/smooth flat: superior and inferior articular facets, costal
- head: acrominal head of rib, humerus, fenous. Uuslly covered in hyaline cartilage. Rounded projection on top of neck
Attachments:
- tubercle e.g. rin, greater and lesser of humerus
- tuberositu: sligtly smaller: tinial, deltoid, and ischial
- epicondyle: above condule: femur, humerus, medial and lateral
- crest: ridhe or border, lateral, supracondylar ridhe of humerus, iliac crest
- linea e.g. linea aspera of femur, less prominent cv creset
- process: sharp and slender: spinois, styloid
- trochanter: just femur
