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Microbiology > Viruses & the Diseases they Cause > Flashcards

Viruses & the Diseases they Cause Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What do you call an ultra microscopic agent that replicates only in the cells of living hosts - that are often pathogenic - and are a piece of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein?

A

Virus

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1
Q

A virus is nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) in a what?

A

Thin protein coat

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2
Q

HIV, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), avian influenza and H1N1 swine flu are what?

A

Viruses

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3
Q

Why does H1N1 spread so easily?

A

The RNA/acid is in pieces

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4
Q

Do viruses divide by binary fission?

A

No - they replicate IN hostcells unlike bacteria

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5
Q

What ways do viruses differ from bacteria?

List 5

A 
DNA with protein coat - no cell wall
Invade host cells
No binary fission
Much smaller
Simple structure
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6
Q

What is rhinovirus?

A

Common Cold

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic viral structures?

A

Naked helical
Enveloped helical
Naked icosahedral
Enveloped icosahedral

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8
Q

What type of structure do tobacco mosaic virus have?

A

Naked helical

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9
Q

What type of structure do measles, mumps and rabies virus have?

A

Enveloped helical

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10
Q

What type of structure do polio and papilomavirus have?

A

Naked icosahedral

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11
Q

What structure do herpes virus have?

A

Enveloped icoshedral

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12
Q

What are bacteriophage viruses?

A

Ones that invade bacteria

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13
Q 
Tobacco Mosaic
Measles, mumps and rabies
Polio and papillomavirus
Herpes
Name their structures
A

Naked Helical
Enveloped Helical
Naked Icoshedral
Enveloped Icoshedral

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14
Q

What are the main criteria for classifying viruses (4)

A

Type of acid - RNA or DNA
Number of strands of acid and construction - single/double, linear, circular, segmented
Capsid symmetry (icosahedral, helical, complex)
Presence or absence of lipid envelope

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15
Q

First virus to be discovered?

A

Tobacco.

Dimitri found viruses pass through filters that retain bacteria and MUCH smaller

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16
Q

First human virus discovered by Walter Reed?

A

Yellow Fever

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17
Q

How did they realise yellow fever was a virus and passed by mosquito bites?

A

One dirty bedding and vomit house, with people in dead people’s clothing (but with mosquito net)

One in pristine house but with mosquitos been feeding off patients

The ones with the mosquitos and clean house for yellow fever

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18
Q

We can use electron microscopes to visualise viruses, grow some but not all viruses in culture and other techniques in order to study them.
What do we need to do with dangerous viruses

A

Safety precautions

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19
Q

What are the 5 ways viruses can be transmitted?

A 
Air - influenza
Direct Contact - adrenovirus
Animal Vectors - rabies
Contaminated Food or Water - (faecal-oral = HepA)
Body Fluids - HIV
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20
Q

What route of transmission does influenza travel by?

A

Air/respiratory

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21
Q

What route of transmission does adrenovirus travel by?

A

Direct Contact

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22
Q

What route of transport does Hep A travel by?

A

Faecal-Oral

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23
Q

What route of transmission does rabies use?

A

Animal Vector

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24
Q

What route of transmission is HIV?

A

Body fluids/sex

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25
Q

Give an example of an acute viral infection where the patient fully recovers

A

Rota Virus

Where mucosa in cell gut is destroyed = diarrhoea

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26
Q

What is the implication of rota virus?

A

Acute infection with FULL recovery

Rota - get better?
Gut mucosa

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27
Q

Name a virus that is an acute infection that permanently damages the patient?

A

Polio - it damages cells of spinal cord resulting in the damage of motor neuron function - deformities or paralysis

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28
Q

What is the consequence of polio?

A

Acute infection with permanent damage such as paralysis or motorneuron related deformities

29
Q

What is a recurrent viral infection that people have forever?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus - Coldsore

30
Q

How many herpes simplex viruses are there? Most of us have 3 or 4 what are the consequences?

A

8

Type 1 = cold sores
Will have forever. Can be latent and reactivate.

31
Q

Name a congenital viral infection (that get before birth)

A

Cytomegalovirus

Most common cause from placenta to foetus
90% ok but 10% suffer deformity and 7% infectious deafness

32
Q

Define rotavirus, Polio, Herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus/rubella

A

Rota - Full recovery
Polio - Lasting deformities
Herpes - latent but forever
Cyto/rubella - congenital

33
Q

What viruses can cause cancer?

A

Epstein Barr and Burkitt’s lymphoma

BARR and lymphoma = cancer

34
Q

Name an emerging virus infection

A

HIV - turns to AIDs - muscle wasting

Emerging - changes to something else

35
Q

What virus have we pretty much eradicated?

A

Small pox - was really bad in previous centuries but eradicated in 70s/80s. No longer need vaccination

36
Q

Name a member of the paramyxovirus family and define its symptoms

A

Measles - carries RNA and enveloped helical structure

Rash and white spots in mouth

37
Q

Do not get rubella mixed up with rabies.

Which is enveloped helical and which is enveloped icosahedral?

A

Rubella - enveloped icosahedral

Rabies - Enveloped helical

38
Q

Rubella is a good example of congenital infection if the mother has it (which is why we vaccinate kids for it for future).
What family is it?

A

Togavirus
RNA and Enveloped Icosahedral Structure

Herpes also enveloped icosahedral

39
Q

What type of virus is chicken pox?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus - HERPES VIRUS
ENVELOPED ICOSAHEDRAL

lots of itchy shiny vesicles

40
Q

Mumps is what family?

A

Enveloped Helical - Paromyxo
uni or bilateral in jaw swelling
can go to ovaries and testicles

same family as measles and rabies

41
Q

What is shingles?

A

Chickenpox is a VZV - STAYS IN BODY as is herpes

So it is reactivation
It reactivates in the nerve where it has been living

42
Q

Genital and oral herpes. Which is more likely to have lesions? Define family
Type 1 oral
Type 2 genital

A

Genital lesions (simplex 2) oral (simplex 1) not so much
Herpes virus
Both enveloped icosahedral

43
Q

What are warts?

A

Papillomavirus
so Naked Icosahedral
DNA

also includes HPV which causes cervical cancer

44
Q

Rabies is 100% fatal. It can incubate from a week to a year before you die. What is it?

A

Enveloped helical

45
Q

HSV 1, HSV 2, CMV, VZV, EBV, HHV 6, HHV 7 and HHV 8 are all what?

A

Herpes Virus that establish latency in host after primary infection and you have for life

46
Q

Does everyone carry a herpes virus?

A

Yes

47
Q

HSV 2 - below or above the waist?

A

Below

48
Q

What infection usually occurs in 9month to 5 year olds, adolescence (and not so much once 30)?

A

HSV 1 - cold sores, gingivitis

49
Q

What can HSV 1 lead to in immunosuppressed patients?

A

Can spread - blindness

50
Q

What is HSV 2?

A

Genital Herpes. Initial infection can be severe and painful with fever.
Can later spread lesions up to cervix or buttocks and thighs and be asymptomatic

51
Q

What is neonatal herpes?

A

Type 2 - pass to baby when giving birth

Low - skin/eye/mouth
Neuro - 50% mortality
All organs - 80% mortality

52
Q

What is HSE?

A

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis - flu like then neuro symptoms
Coma and death?

only 2% normal neuro function after treatment

53
Q

What virus do you treat with Acyclovir?

A

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

54
Q

What is VZV?

A

Chickenpox varicella and shingles zoster

55
Q

Congenital varicella?

A

If pregnant women gets chickenpox - first trimester or just before birth = fatal
rest of time ok as immune is shared

56
Q

Epstein Barr is a Herpes virus. What is it?

A

Glandular Fever. Can cause cancer.
Swollen lymph glands with red lesions and white tonsils.

Kids can get asymptomatically. Can catch if not immune.

57
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

Tumour in jaw - the result of cancer from Epstein Barr Reactivation

58
Q

What is human cytomegavirus?

A

Adapted to humans and usually asymptomatic at primary infection and beyond.
Bad if immunocompromised as results in all sorts.
When congenital gives enlarged liver and spleen

59
Q

What are Herpes type 6 and 7?

A

Roseola infantum
In 6months to 2 year kids
High fever and rash

Most people have 6 and 7

60
Q

What is HHV 8?

A

Kaposi sarcoma - an endothelial cell tumour

often transmitted by sex and with HIV

61
Q

What are parainfluenza, measles, mumps, RSV and human metapneumovirus?

A

Paramyxoviruses

62
Q

What condition is an important cause of acute respiratory infections, often kids - ranges from mild upper RTract to croup or pneumonia - or mild cold in adults?

A

Parainfluenza

63
Q

Mumps - more or less contagious than measles or chicken pox?

A

Less. Inflammation of salivary glands
Can lead to sterility but rare
Meningitis but rare
Fetal Wastage in 1st trimester

64
Q

Measles highly infectious. What are symptoms?

A

conjunctivitis, dry cough, sore throat, headache and low fever

infectious before symptoms

can lead to encephalomyelistus, bronchopneumonia

65
Q

RSV?

resp syncytial virus?

A

Major cause of LRT disease in kids
Mild in older people
begins in URT but if spreads - bronchitis or croup

immunity to respiratory syncytial virus improves with age

66
Q

Orthomyxoviriade Influenza. Type A then B then C.

Type A most common. What is it?

A

World epidemics.
Fever, chills, aching, anorexia, bed
complete recovery but can kill elderly and young via secondary infection

67
Q

Rubella VACCINATE

A

Mild childhood illness
Pale rash, mild fever and runny nose
Arthirits like in adults.

Congenital = spontaneous abortion or lots of problems with hearing heart and eyes

68
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2

Can cause AIDs due to depletion of T helper lymphocytes

69
Q

What are severe thrush/oral candida, pneumonia, TB and dissminated cytalomegavirus symptomatic of?

A

AIDS - you become vulnerable

Microbiology (8 decks)

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