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Viruses & the Diseases they Cause Flashcards

0
Q

What do you call an ultra microscopic agent that replicates only in the cells of living hosts - that are often pathogenic - and are a piece of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein?

A

Virus

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1
Q

A virus is nucleic acid (DNA/RNA) in a what?

A

Thin protein coat

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2
Q

HIV, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), avian influenza and H1N1 swine flu are what?

A

Viruses

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3
Q

Why does H1N1 spread so easily?

A

The RNA/acid is in pieces

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4
Q

Do viruses divide by binary fission?

A

No - they replicate IN hostcells unlike bacteria

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5
Q

What ways do viruses differ from bacteria?

List 5

A 
DNA with protein coat - no cell wall
Invade host cells
No binary fission
Much smaller
Simple structure
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6
Q

What is rhinovirus?

A

Common Cold

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic viral structures?

A

Naked helical
Enveloped helical
Naked icosahedral
Enveloped icosahedral

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8
Q

What type of structure do tobacco mosaic virus have?

A

Naked helical

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9
Q

What type of structure do measles, mumps and rabies virus have?

A

Enveloped helical

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10
Q

What type of structure do polio and papilomavirus have?

A

Naked icosahedral

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11
Q

What structure do herpes virus have?

A

Enveloped icoshedral

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12
Q

What are bacteriophage viruses?

A

Ones that invade bacteria

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13
Q 
Tobacco Mosaic
Measles, mumps and rabies
Polio and papillomavirus
Herpes
Name their structures
A

Naked Helical
Enveloped Helical
Naked Icoshedral
Enveloped Icoshedral

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14
Q

What are the main criteria for classifying viruses (4)

A

Type of acid - RNA or DNA
Number of strands of acid and construction - single/double, linear, circular, segmented
Capsid symmetry (icosahedral, helical, complex)
Presence or absence of lipid envelope

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15
Q

First virus to be discovered?

A

Tobacco.

Dimitri found viruses pass through filters that retain bacteria and MUCH smaller

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16
Q

First human virus discovered by Walter Reed?

A

Yellow Fever

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17
Q

How did they realise yellow fever was a virus and passed by mosquito bites?

A

One dirty bedding and vomit house, with people in dead people’s clothing (but with mosquito net)

One in pristine house but with mosquitos been feeding off patients

The ones with the mosquitos and clean house for yellow fever

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18
Q

We can use electron microscopes to visualise viruses, grow some but not all viruses in culture and other techniques in order to study them.
What do we need to do with dangerous viruses

A

Safety precautions

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19
Q

What are the 5 ways viruses can be transmitted?

A 
Air - influenza
Direct Contact - adrenovirus
Animal Vectors - rabies
Contaminated Food or Water - (faecal-oral = HepA)
Body Fluids - HIV
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20
Q

What route of transmission does influenza travel by?

A

Air/respiratory

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21
Q

What route of transmission does adrenovirus travel by?

A

Direct Contact

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22
Q

What route of transport does Hep A travel by?

A

Faecal-Oral

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23
Q

What route of transmission does rabies use?

A

Animal Vector

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24
What route of transmission is HIV?
Body fluids/sex
25
Give an example of an acute viral infection where the patient fully recovers
Rota Virus Where mucosa in cell gut is destroyed = diarrhoea
26
What is the implication of rota virus?
Acute infection with FULL recovery Rota - get better? Gut mucosa
27
Name a virus that is an acute infection that permanently damages the patient?
Polio - it damages cells of spinal cord resulting in the damage of motor neuron function - deformities or paralysis
28
What is the consequence of polio?
Acute infection with permanent damage such as paralysis or motorneuron related deformities
29
What is a recurrent viral infection that people have forever?
Herpes Simplex Virus - Coldsore
30
How many herpes simplex viruses are there? Most of us have 3 or 4 what are the consequences?
8 Type 1 = cold sores Will have forever. Can be latent and reactivate.
31
Name a congenital viral infection (that get before birth)
Cytomegalovirus Most common cause from placenta to foetus 90% ok but 10% suffer deformity and 7% infectious deafness
32
Define rotavirus, Polio, Herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus/rubella
Rota - Full recovery Polio - Lasting deformities Herpes - latent but forever Cyto/rubella - congenital
33
What viruses can cause cancer?
Epstein Barr and Burkitt's lymphoma BARR and lymphoma = cancer
34
Name an emerging virus infection
HIV - turns to AIDs - muscle wasting Emerging - changes to something else
35
What virus have we pretty much eradicated?
Small pox - was really bad in previous centuries but eradicated in 70s/80s. No longer need vaccination
36
Name a member of the paramyxovirus family and define its symptoms
Measles - carries RNA and enveloped helical structure Rash and white spots in mouth
37
Do not get rubella mixed up with rabies. | Which is enveloped helical and which is enveloped icosahedral?
Rubella - enveloped icosahedral | Rabies - Enveloped helical
38
Rubella is a good example of congenital infection if the mother has it (which is why we vaccinate kids for it for future). What family is it?
Togavirus RNA and Enveloped Icosahedral Structure Herpes also enveloped icosahedral
39
What type of virus is chicken pox?
Varicella Zoster Virus - HERPES VIRUS ENVELOPED ICOSAHEDRAL lots of itchy shiny vesicles
40
Mumps is what family?
Enveloped Helical - Paromyxo uni or bilateral in jaw swelling can go to ovaries and testicles same family as measles and rabies
41
What is shingles?
Chickenpox is a VZV - STAYS IN BODY as is herpes So it is reactivation It reactivates in the nerve where it has been living
42
Genital and oral herpes. Which is more likely to have lesions? Define family Type 1 oral Type 2 genital
Genital lesions (simplex 2) oral (simplex 1) not so much Herpes virus Both enveloped icosahedral
43
What are warts?
Papillomavirus so Naked Icosahedral DNA also includes HPV which causes cervical cancer
44
Rabies is 100% fatal. It can incubate from a week to a year before you die. What is it?
Enveloped helical
45
HSV 1, HSV 2, CMV, VZV, EBV, HHV 6, HHV 7 and HHV 8 are all what?
Herpes Virus that establish latency in host after primary infection and you have for life
46
Does everyone carry a herpes virus?
Yes
47
HSV 2 - below or above the waist?
Below
48
What infection usually occurs in 9month to 5 year olds, adolescence (and not so much once 30)?
HSV 1 - cold sores, gingivitis
49
What can HSV 1 lead to in immunosuppressed patients?
Can spread - blindness
50
What is HSV 2?
Genital Herpes. Initial infection can be severe and painful with fever. Can later spread lesions up to cervix or buttocks and thighs and be asymptomatic
51
What is neonatal herpes?
Type 2 - pass to baby when giving birth Low - skin/eye/mouth Neuro - 50% mortality All organs - 80% mortality
52
What is HSE?
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis - flu like then neuro symptoms Coma and death? only 2% normal neuro function after treatment
53
What virus do you treat with Acyclovir?
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
54
What is VZV?
Chickenpox varicella and shingles zoster
55
Congenital varicella?
If pregnant women gets chickenpox - first trimester or just before birth = fatal rest of time ok as immune is shared
56
Epstein Barr is a Herpes virus. What is it?
Glandular Fever. Can cause cancer. Swollen lymph glands with red lesions and white tonsils. Kids can get asymptomatically. Can catch if not immune.
57
Burkitt's Lymphoma?
Tumour in jaw - the result of cancer from Epstein Barr Reactivation
58
What is human cytomegavirus?
Adapted to humans and usually asymptomatic at primary infection and beyond. Bad if immunocompromised as results in all sorts. When congenital gives enlarged liver and spleen
59
What are Herpes type 6 and 7?
Roseola infantum In 6months to 2 year kids High fever and rash Most people have 6 and 7
60
What is HHV 8?
Kaposi sarcoma - an endothelial cell tumour | often transmitted by sex and with HIV
61
What are parainfluenza, measles, mumps, RSV and human metapneumovirus?
Paramyxoviruses
62
What condition is an important cause of acute respiratory infections, often kids - ranges from mild upper RTract to croup or pneumonia - or mild cold in adults?
Parainfluenza
63
Mumps - more or less contagious than measles or chicken pox?
Less. Inflammation of salivary glands Can lead to sterility but rare Meningitis but rare Fetal Wastage in 1st trimester
64
Measles highly infectious. What are symptoms?
conjunctivitis, dry cough, sore throat, headache and low fever infectious before symptoms can lead to encephalomyelistus, bronchopneumonia
65
RSV? | resp syncytial virus?
Major cause of LRT disease in kids Mild in older people begins in URT but if spreads - bronchitis or croup immunity to respiratory syncytial virus improves with age
66
Orthomyxoviriade Influenza. Type A then B then C. | Type A most common. What is it?
World epidemics. Fever, chills, aching, anorexia, bed complete recovery but can kill elderly and young via secondary infection
67
Rubella VACCINATE
Mild childhood illness Pale rash, mild fever and runny nose Arthirits like in adults. Congenital = spontaneous abortion or lots of problems with hearing heart and eyes
68
What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 Can cause AIDs due to depletion of T helper lymphocytes
69
What are severe thrush/oral candida, pneumonia, TB and dissminated cytalomegavirus symptomatic of?
AIDS - you become vulnerable

Microbiology (8 decks)

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