viruses test

Question 1

types of viruses

Answer 1

retroviruses, DNA viruses, RNA viruses

Question 2

what do retroviruses do

Answer 2

• retroviruses start as RNA viruses
• undergo reverse transcription, becoming DNA
• hide within infected cells as DNA(going through lysogenic cycle)
  -when activated become RNA thought transcription

Question 3

lytic cycle

Answer 3

1. virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
2. Virus DNA makes the body cell’s ribosomes to create protein that breaks up the cells DNA
3. the virus DNA tricks the cell intro producing more Virus DNA and its structure
4. Viruses assemble within the body cell
5. cell lyses(explodes) releasing the new viruses

Question 4

lysogenic cycle

Answer 4

1. virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
2. virus DNA inserts itself into the cells own DNA through recombination and becomes dormant.
3. infected cell undergoes mitosis, replicating the virus DNA as well
4. due to and environmental factor Virus DNA activates and starts the lytic cycle

Question 5

the goal of protein synthesis

Question 6

proteins functions

Answer 6

Structure: proteins are the building blocks of structures such as hair, nails, the capsid on viruses

Catalysts: proteins work as enzymes speeding up chemical reactions

Question 7

translation

Answer 7

DNA -> RNA(using its base paring rules)

Question 8

transcription

Answer 8

1. DNA uncoils allowing for the mRNA to read the the uncoiled DNA
2. mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the ribosomes
3. the mRNA is “read” in groups of 3 called codons
4. the tRNA(transition RNA) bring the anticodon to pair up with the codon
5. when paired up the chain of amino acids get longer until it stops, resulting on a protein

Question 9

base pairing rules for DNA

Answer 9

adenine - thymine
guanine - cytosine

Question 10

base pairing rules for RNA

Answer 10

adenine - uracil
guanine - cytosine

Question 11

virulent

Answer 11

• the microorganisms ability to cause harm to the host
• lytic cycle is initiated

Question 12

first line of defense

Answer 12

consist of:
- skin
- acids
- mucus membrane

mostly preventing anything from entering our body

Question 13

second line of defense

Answer 13

consist of:
- white blood cells(phagocytes)
- inflammation
- pus(collection oof wbc and dead bacteria/viruses)
- fevers(slows down reproduction of pathogen

Question 14

lymphatic system

Answer 14

• consists of a network of lymph vessels containing a fluid called lymph, sometimes widen into nodes
• regular movement advances the fluids through the vessel
• the system is also encharged of manufacturing B & T cells

Question 15

where are B & T cells made

Answer 15

these cells are made in bone marrow, B cells are sent into the blood and T cells migrate to the thymus to mature before entering the bloodstream

Question 16

what are antigens

Answer 16

they are parts of an invader that trigger the production of antibodies usually these are surrounding the cells surface

Question 17

what are antibodies

Answer 17

• antibodies are made in response to an antigen.
• they are y-shaped proteins whose upper tips differ in shapes, in relation to the antigen that activated them,
• these antibodies will fit with said antigen

Question 18

B cells causes witch type or responses

Answer 18

it causes a humoral response, where B cells attaches to antigen to attract t cells to kill pathogen

1.macrophage(white blood) cells engulfs pathogen
2.antinges attach to MHC markers
3. helper T cells & CTC cell primes to the MHC markers,
4. macrophage releases interlukeing-1
5. helper T cell receives the interlukeing-1 and releases interlukeing-2
6. memory or virgin B cell receives interlikeing-2
7. memory or virgin B cell undergoes mitosis & differentiation
8. becoming effector B cells which release a bunch of antibodies, marking pathogen with antigens that fits with them, alerting T cells
9. others become memory b cells which will hang arround inside the body

Question 19

T cell causes which type of responses

Answer 19

it causes cell mediated responses where the cells destroy body cells that have been already invaded

1.macrophage(white blood) cells engulfs pathogen
2.antinges attach to MHC markers
3. helper T cells & CTC cell primes to the MHC markers,
4. macrophage releases interlukeing-1
5. helper T cell receives the interlukeing-1 and releases interlukeing-2
6. CTC receives interlikeing-2
7. CTC cell undergoes mitosis & differentiation
8. some CTC cell becomes a Effector CTC cell witch primes to infected body cells and destroys it
9. other CTC cells become memory T cells witch wait around inside the body

Question 20

what does immunity mean

Answer 20

is a a condition that offers resistance to a disease so symptoms don’t occur

a person is said to be immune if they do not succumb(fall sick or die) to an infectious pathogen

Question 21

germ theory

Answer 21

diseases are caused by microorganism. these organism are too small to see without magnification, and they invaded human and other host organism, were they grow and reproduce.

Question 22

spontaneous generation

Answer 22

that stuff just appeared

Question 23

what are the virus 3 layers

Answer 23

• envelope
• capsid
• RNA

Question 24

ADN

Answer 24

DNA is a double strand/coiled that contains our genetic information, these are made up of nucleic acids or nucleotides which consist of a phosphate, a sugar and a base

Question 25

RNA

Answer 25

RNA is a single strand/coiled structure made up of nucleotides that conde for proteins

Question 26

clonal seletion

Answer 26

- how do we have enough white blood cells to reach against a vast variety of antigens - as b cells go through mitosis they undergo random mutations and gene shuffling to create an unlimited variety of surface antigens

Question 27

active immunities

Answer 27

- natural exposure to the infectious agent(natural) - immunization(artificial)

Question 28

passive immunities

Answer 28

- maternal antibodies(natural) - antibodies from other sources(artificial)

Question 29

hygiene hypothesis

Answer 29

by being too hygienic we are preventing kids from exposing to microorganism at an early age and stopping them from developing a stronger immune system, kinds not building an immune tolerance

Question 30

how do we fight back

Answer 30

prevention: - vaccination treatment: - antiviral drugs - monoclonal antibodies

Question 31

why do we need booster shots

Answer 31

booster shots provide another safe dose of the antigen so that more antibodies will be created, meaning greater and faster protection

Question 32

vaccination limitations

Answer 32

-as viruses undergo mutations, we have to make changes to the vaccine to accommodate those changes vaccine also causes adverse reaction or the disease its meat to prevent

Question 33

chain of infection

Answer 33

-infectious agent -reservoir(host)(break) -portal of exit - means of transmission(break) - Portal of entry - Susceptible host(break) how can we become a less desirable person

Question 34

how to break the reservoir

Answer 34

- Personal hygiene - isolation - quarantine - surveillance and treatment

Question 35

how to break the means of transmission

Answer 35

- vectors - direct cornet(std’s) - direct cornet(other) - fecal-oral route - food - air

Question 36

how to break the susceptible host

Answer 36

- personal hygiene - immunization - prophylaxis

Question 37

reasons why people dot get vaccinations

Answer 37

-medial, religious, philosophical grounds - lack of knowledge -lack of an immediate or tangible treat - fear of adverse effects

Question 38

what do antiviral drugs do

Answer 38

antiviral drugs don't kill the virus but prevent/disrupt the viruses pattern of attachment and lytic & lysogenic cycle 1. prevents entry to the cell 2. prevents viral DNA to uncoil and decondense 3. stops protein synthesis 4. prevents proteins from coiling up 5. prevents virus from being released from the cell 6. prevents virus from attaching to the cell

Question 39

what is interferon(antiviral drugs)

Answer 39

- alerts infected cells to undergo apoptosis(suicide) -alerts healthy cells to destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis