viruses test Flashcards
types of viruses
retroviruses, DNA viruses, RNA viruses
what do retroviruses do
- retroviruses start as RNA viruses
- undergo reverse transcription, becoming DNA
- hide within infected cells as DNA(going through lysogenic cycle)
-when activated become RNA thought transcription
lytic cycle
- virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
- Virus DNA makes the body cell’s ribosomes to create protein that breaks up the cells DNA
- the virus DNA tricks the cell intro producing more Virus DNA and its structure
- Viruses assemble within the body cell
- cell lyses(explodes) releasing the new viruses
lysogenic cycle
- virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
- virus DNA inserts itself into the cells own DNA through recombination and becomes dormant.
- infected cell undergoes mitosis, replicating the virus DNA as well
- due to and environmental factor Virus DNA activates and starts the lytic cycle
the goal of protein synthesis
proteins functions
Structure: proteins are the building blocks of structures such as hair, nails, the capsid on viruses
Catalysts: proteins work as enzymes speeding up chemical reactions
translation
DNA -> RNA(using its base paring rules)
transcription
- DNA uncoils allowing for the mRNA to read the the uncoiled DNA
- mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the ribosomes
- the mRNA is “read” in groups of 3 called codons
- the tRNA(transition RNA) bring the anticodon to pair up with the codon
- when paired up the chain of amino acids get longer until it stops, resulting on a protein
base pairing rules for DNA
adenine - thymine
guanine - cytosine
base pairing rules for RNA
adenine - uracil
guanine - cytosine
virulent
- the microorganisms ability to cause harm to the host
- lytic cycle is initiated
first line of defense
consist of:
- skin
- acids
- mucus membrane
mostly preventing anything from entering our body
second line of defense
consist of:
- white blood cells(phagocytes)
- inflammation
- pus(collection oof wbc and dead bacteria/viruses)
- fevers(slows down reproduction of pathogen
lymphatic system
- consists of a network of lymph vessels containing a fluid called lymph, sometimes widen into nodes
- regular movement advances the fluids through the vessel
- the system is also encharged of manufacturing B & T cells
where are B & T cells made
these cells are made in bone marrow, B cells are sent into the blood and T cells migrate to the thymus to mature before entering the bloodstream
what are antigens
they are parts of an invader that trigger the production of antibodies usually these are surrounding the cells surface
what are antibodies
- antibodies are made in response to an antigen.
- they are y-shaped proteins whose upper tips differ in shapes, in relation to the antigen that activated them,
- these antibodies will fit with said antigen
B cells causes witch type or responses
it causes a humoral response, where B cells attaches to antigen to attract t cells to kill pathogen
1.macrophage(white blood) cells engulfs pathogen
2.antinges attach to MHC markers
3. helper T cells & CTC cell primes to the MHC markers,
4. macrophage releases interlukeing-1
5. helper T cell receives the interlukeing-1 and releases interlukeing-2
6. memory or virgin B cell receives interlikeing-2
7. memory or virgin B cell undergoes mitosis & differentiation
8. becoming effector B cells which release a bunch of antibodies, marking pathogen with antigens that fits with them, alerting T cells
9. others become memory b cells which will hang arround inside the body
T cell causes which type of responses
it causes cell mediated responses where the cells destroy body cells that have been already invaded
1.macrophage(white blood) cells engulfs pathogen
2.antinges attach to MHC markers
3. helper T cells & CTC cell primes to the MHC markers,
4. macrophage releases interlukeing-1
5. helper T cell receives the interlukeing-1 and releases interlukeing-2
6. CTC receives interlikeing-2
7. CTC cell undergoes mitosis & differentiation
8. some CTC cell becomes a Effector CTC cell witch primes to infected body cells and destroys it
9. other CTC cells become memory T cells witch wait around inside the body
what does immunity mean
is a a condition that offers resistance to a disease so symptoms don’t occur
a person is said to be immune if they do not succumb(fall sick or die) to an infectious pathogen
germ theory
diseases are caused by microorganism. these organism are too small to see without magnification, and they invaded human and other host organism, were they grow and reproduce.
spontaneous generation
that stuff just appeared
what are the virus 3 layers
- envelope
- capsid
- RNA
ADN
DNA is a double strand/coiled that contains our genetic information, these are made up of nucleic acids or nucleotides which consist of a phosphate, a sugar and a base
RNA
RNA is a single strand/coiled structure made up of nucleotides that conde for proteins
clonal seletion
- how do we have enough white blood cells to reach against a vast variety of antigens
- as b cells go through mitosis they undergo random mutations and gene shuffling to create an unlimited variety of surface antigens
active immunities
- natural exposure to the infectious agent(natural)
- immunization(artificial)
passive immunities
- maternal antibodies(natural)
- antibodies from other sources(artificial)
hygiene hypothesis
by being too hygienic we are preventing kids from exposing to microorganism at an early age and stopping them from developing a stronger immune system, kinds not building an immune tolerance
how do we fight back
prevention:
- vaccination
treatment:
- antiviral drugs
- monoclonal antibodies
why do we need booster shots
booster shots provide another safe dose of the antigen so that more antibodies will be created, meaning greater and faster protection
vaccination limitations
-as viruses undergo mutations, we have to make changes to the vaccine to accommodate those changes
vaccine also causes adverse reaction or the disease its meat to prevent
chain of infection
-infectious agent
-reservoir(host)(break)
-portal of exit
- means of transmission(break)
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host(break) how can we become a less desirable person
how to break the reservoir
- Personal hygiene
- isolation
- quarantine
- surveillance and treatment
how to break the means of transmission
- vectors
- direct cornet(std’s)
- direct cornet(other)
- fecal-oral route
- food
- air
how to break the susceptible host
- personal hygiene
- immunization
- prophylaxis
reasons why people dot get vaccinations
-medial, religious, philosophical grounds
- lack of knowledge
-lack of an immediate or tangible treat
- fear of adverse effects
what do antiviral drugs do
antiviral drugs don’t kill the virus but prevent/disrupt the viruses pattern of attachment and lytic & lysogenic cycle
- prevents entry to the cell
- prevents viral DNA to uncoil and decondense
- stops protein synthesis
- prevents proteins from coiling up
- prevents virus from being released from the cell
- prevents virus from attaching to the cell
what is interferon(antiviral drugs)
- alerts infected cells to undergo apoptosis(suicide)
-alerts healthy cells to destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis
