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public health > viruses test > Flashcards

viruses test Flashcards

1
Q

types of viruses

A

retroviruses, DNA viruses, RNA viruses

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2
Q

what do retroviruses do

A
  • retroviruses start as RNA viruses
  • undergo reverse transcription, becoming DNA
  • hide within infected cells as DNA(going through lysogenic cycle)
    -when activated become RNA thought transcription
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3
Q

lytic cycle

A
  1. virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
  2. Virus DNA makes the body cell’s ribosomes to create protein that breaks up the cells DNA
  3. the virus DNA tricks the cell intro producing more Virus DNA and its structure
  4. Viruses assemble within the body cell
  5. cell lyses(explodes) releasing the new viruses
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4
Q

lysogenic cycle

A
  1. virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
  2. virus DNA inserts itself into the cells own DNA through recombination and becomes dormant.
  3. infected cell undergoes mitosis, replicating the virus DNA as well
  4. due to and environmental factor Virus DNA activates and starts the lytic cycle
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5
Q

the goal of protein synthesis

A
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6
Q

proteins functions

A

Structure: proteins are the building blocks of structures such as hair, nails, the capsid on viruses

Catalysts: proteins work as enzymes speeding up chemical reactions

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7
Q

translation

A

DNA -> RNA(using its base paring rules)

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8
Q

transcription

A
  1. DNA uncoils allowing for the mRNA to read the the uncoiled DNA
  2. mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the ribosomes
  3. the mRNA is “read” in groups of 3 called codons
  4. the tRNA(transition RNA) bring the anticodon to pair up with the codon
  5. when paired up the chain of amino acids get longer until it stops, resulting on a protein
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9
Q

base pairing rules for DNA

A

adenine - thymine
guanine - cytosine

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10
Q

base pairing rules for RNA

A

adenine - uracil
guanine - cytosine

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11
Q

virulent

A
  • the microorganisms ability to cause harm to the host
  • lytic cycle is initiated
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12
Q

first line of defense

A

consist of:
- skin
- acids
- mucus membrane

mostly preventing anything from entering our body

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13
Q

second line of defense

A

consist of:
- white blood cells(phagocytes)
- inflammation
- pus(collection oof wbc and dead bacteria/viruses)
- fevers(slows down reproduction of pathogen

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14
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • consists of a network of lymph vessels containing a fluid called lymph, sometimes widen into nodes
  • regular movement advances the fluids through the vessel
  • the system is also encharged of manufacturing B & T cells
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15
Q

where are B & T cells made

A

these cells are made in bone marrow, B cells are sent into the blood and T cells migrate to the thymus to mature before entering the bloodstream

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16
Q

what are antigens

A

they are parts of an invader that trigger the production of antibodies usually these are surrounding the cells surface

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17
Q

what are antibodies

A
  • antibodies are made in response to an antigen.
  • they are y-shaped proteins whose upper tips differ in shapes, in relation to the antigen that activated them,
  • these antibodies will fit with said antigen
18
Q

B cells causes witch type or responses

A

it causes a humoral response, where B cells attaches to antigen to attract t cells to kill pathogen

1.macrophage(white blood) cells engulfs pathogen
2.antinges attach to MHC markers
3. helper T cells & CTC cell primes to the MHC markers,
4. macrophage releases interlukeing-1
5. helper T cell receives the interlukeing-1 and releases interlukeing-2
6. memory or virgin B cell receives interlikeing-2
7. memory or virgin B cell undergoes mitosis & differentiation
8. becoming effector B cells which release a bunch of antibodies, marking pathogen with antigens that fits with them, alerting T cells
9. others become memory b cells which will hang arround inside the body

19
Q

T cell causes which type of responses

A

it causes cell mediated responses where the cells destroy body cells that have been already invaded

1.macrophage(white blood) cells engulfs pathogen
2.antinges attach to MHC markers
3. helper T cells & CTC cell primes to the MHC markers,
4. macrophage releases interlukeing-1
5. helper T cell receives the interlukeing-1 and releases interlukeing-2
6. CTC receives interlikeing-2
7. CTC cell undergoes mitosis & differentiation
8. some CTC cell becomes a Effector CTC cell witch primes to infected body cells and destroys it
9. other CTC cells become memory T cells witch wait around inside the body

20
Q

what does immunity mean

A

is a a condition that offers resistance to a disease so symptoms don’t occur

a person is said to be immune if they do not succumb(fall sick or die) to an infectious pathogen

21
Q

germ theory

A

diseases are caused by microorganism. these organism are too small to see without magnification, and they invaded human and other host organism, were they grow and reproduce.

22
Q

spontaneous generation

A

that stuff just appeared

23
Q

what are the virus 3 layers

A
  • envelope
  • capsid
  • RNA
24
Q

ADN

A

DNA is a double strand/coiled that contains our genetic information, these are made up of nucleic acids or nucleotides which consist of a phosphate, a sugar and a base

25
Q

RNA

A

RNA is a single strand/coiled structure made up of nucleotides that conde for proteins

26
Q

clonal seletion

A
  • how do we have enough white blood cells to reach against a vast variety of antigens
  • as b cells go through mitosis they undergo random mutations and gene shuffling to create an unlimited variety of surface antigens
27
Q

active immunities

A
  • natural exposure to the infectious agent(natural)
  • immunization(artificial)
28
Q

passive immunities

A
  • maternal antibodies(natural)
  • antibodies from other sources(artificial)
29
Q

hygiene hypothesis

A

by being too hygienic we are preventing kids from exposing to microorganism at an early age and stopping them from developing a stronger immune system, kinds not building an immune tolerance

30
Q

how do we fight back

A

prevention:
- vaccination

treatment:
- antiviral drugs
- monoclonal antibodies

31
Q

why do we need booster shots

A

booster shots provide another safe dose of the antigen so that more antibodies will be created, meaning greater and faster protection

32
Q

vaccination limitations

A

-as viruses undergo mutations, we have to make changes to the vaccine to accommodate those changes

vaccine also causes adverse reaction or the disease its meat to prevent

33
Q

chain of infection

A

-infectious agent
-reservoir(host)(break)
-portal of exit
- means of transmission(break)
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host(break) how can we become a less desirable person

34
Q

how to break the reservoir

A
  • Personal hygiene
  • isolation
  • quarantine
  • surveillance and treatment
35
Q

how to break the means of transmission

A
  • vectors
  • direct cornet(std’s)
  • direct cornet(other)
  • fecal-oral route
  • food
  • air
36
Q

how to break the susceptible host

A
  • personal hygiene
    • immunization
    • prophylaxis
37
Q

reasons why people dot get vaccinations

A

-medial, religious, philosophical grounds
- lack of knowledge
-lack of an immediate or tangible treat
- fear of adverse effects

38
Q

what do antiviral drugs do

A

antiviral drugs don’t kill the virus but prevent/disrupt the viruses pattern of attachment and lytic & lysogenic cycle

  1. prevents entry to the cell
  2. prevents viral DNA to uncoil and decondense
  3. stops protein synthesis
  4. prevents proteins from coiling up
  5. prevents virus from being released from the cell
  6. prevents virus from attaching to the cell
39
Q

what is interferon(antiviral drugs)

A
  • alerts infected cells to undergo apoptosis(suicide)
    -alerts healthy cells to destroy RNA and reduce protein synthesis
40
Q
A

public health (3 decks)

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