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Bio Final > Viruses/ Prokaryotes/Archea/Protists > Flashcards

Viruses/ Prokaryotes/Archea/Protists Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a virus?

A

Obligate intracellular parasite

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2
Q

Properties of viruses

A

cannot multiple unless they invade a specific host cell and instruct its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release new viruses, infect any cell – plant, algae, protozoa, animals

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3
Q

Describe the structures of viruses and their genomes

A

Regular repeating subunits- External coating, core containing one or more nucleic acid strains of DNA or RNA, sometimes one or two enzymes

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4
Q

Describe the differences between DNA and RNA viruses

A

RNA are single stranded, replicate in host cell’s cytoplasm, and transcribe to double stranded DNA with reverse transcriptase – DNA are double stranded and are replication in nucleus of a eukaryotic host cell

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5
Q

Describe the components viruses may contain(4)

A

Capsid, Envelope, Spikes, Genome

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6
Q

Capsid

A

protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid made of capsomeres - protein subunits

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7
Q

Envelope

A

external covering of nucleocapsid, usually modified piece of the hosts cell membrane

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8
Q

Spikes

A

Allow viruses to dock with host cells, found on naked and enveloped viruses, project from nucleocapsid or envelope

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9
Q

Genome

A

the sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism

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10
Q

obligate cellular parasites

A

Cannot reproduce outside of their host

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11
Q

bacteriophage

A

Bacteria eating – They infect bacteria

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12
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Attachment, Injection, Synthesis, Assembly, Release

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13
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

Attachment, Injection, Integration into the host cell genome, Replication with host’s DNA

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14
Q

Describe how viruses can contribute DNA to their hosts. How can this contribute to an increase in virulence of otherwise harmless organisms.

A

They incorperate themselves into the genome and reproduce with host DNA

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15
Q

Organelles or structures in prokaryotes

A

Cell envelope, cytoplasm, appendages - No membrane bound organelles – Outer cell wall, sometimes flagella and plasmids

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16
Q

Bianary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies

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17
Q

Conjugation

A

forms between two cells – donor to recipient through the plius

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18
Q

Transformation

A

picks up free DNA from other prokaryotes and incorporates them into the genome

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19
Q

Transduction

A

bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to other

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20
Q

3 ways of Genetic Recombination

A

Transduction, Transformation, Conjagation

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21
Q
  1. What are the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
A

Gram-negative has a second plasma membrane and makes infections more difficult to treat

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22
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

unable to grow without oxygen

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23
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

unable to grow with oxygen

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24
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

can grow with or without oxygen

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25
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

doesn’t need it but can grow with it

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26
Q

endospore

A

A dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the genetic materal in times of stress

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27
Q

Describe two ways antibacterial compounds work

A

Compound inhibits protein biosynthesis – compound inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

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28
Q

biofilm

A

Microorganisms all together on a surface - teeth

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29
Q

Characteristics of Archaea

A

No peptidoglycan in cell walls, tend to live in harsh conditions

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30
Q

halophile

A

Need high salt – salty lakes

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31
Q

thermoacidophile

A

Need extreme temperatures – hot sulfur springs

32
Q

Methanogen

A

Need methane – Anaerobic marshes

33
Q

Compare prokaryotes to eukaryotic.

A

Eukaryotes have distinct nucleus and organelles - Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles

34
Q

Autotrophic

A

Make own food – plant like

35
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Eat food – animal like

36
Q

Phagotrophs.

A

engulfing food to eat it - hetero

37
Q

Mixotrophs

A

can use a mix of different sources of energy

38
Q

Saprotrophs

A

decomposers – fungus like

39
Q

What are the characteristics of animal like protist? List some examples of these protist

A

Protozoans – cilia and cytoplasmic streaming- pseudopod , paramecium, amoeba, recycles organic materials, food for other organisms

40
Q
  1. What are the characteristics of plant like protist? List some examples of these protist
A

flagella- euglena, algae, recycles organic materials

41
Q

What are the characteristics of Fungus like protist? List some examples of these protist.

A

Slime mold, water mold – recycles organic materials

42
Q

Are fungus unicellular or multicellular? Give examples

A

Can be both - yeast is uni - molds are multi

43
Q

How does fungus obtain nutrients?

A

grows through food source (substratum) excretes digestive enzymes, and absorbs dissolved food

44
Q

Hyphae

A

Branching filaments to make up the mycelium of fungi - Tubular, hard wall of chitin, full of cytoplasm

45
Q

mycelium

A

Mass of branching interconnected hyphae that forms sex organs

46
Q

mycorrhizal

A

Fungal roots.- mutualistic releationship between fugus and plant roots – carbohydrates for fungi/ nutrient and water for plant

47
Q

lichen

A

composite organisms of fungi & algae; resilient – can colonize harsh environments & begin succession by breaking down rock

48
Q

Why are fungal infections difficult to treat in humans?

A

The cells are eukaryotic and harder to distinguish from the hosts regular cells

49
Q

Characteristics of animals

A

No cell wall, heterotrophic, aerobic, diploid, motile, eukaryotic

50
Q

Two tissues unique to animals

A

muscle and nervous

51
Q

What group lacks true tissues

A

Parazoas

52
Q

gastrulation

A

When the blastula turns into the three layered embryo known as the gastrula - creates germ layers

53
Q
  1. How is the primitive gut(archenteron) formed?
A

gastrulation

54
Q

blastopore

A

The opening to the primitive gut - archenteron

55
Q

What are the possible 3 tissue layers?

A

Mesoderm, ectoderm, Endoderm

56
Q

endoderm

A

Organs of the digestive system

57
Q

ectoderm

A

Outer layer of tissue and nervous system

58
Q

Mesoderm

A

Tissue and organ systems like muscle and skeletal

59
Q

diploblastic

A

two germ layers

60
Q

triploblastic

A

three germ layers

61
Q

asymmetrical symmetry

A

Cut anywhere and its not symmetrical - sponge

62
Q

radial symmetry

A

Cut anywhere and its symmetrical - sea anemone

63
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

cut down the middle and its symmetrical - elephant

64
Q

cephalization

A

Presence of a head - not all animals have

65
Q

What are body cavities

A

Open spaces for organs

66
Q

Coelom

A

A body cavity surrounded by mesoderm

67
Q

Acoelomate

A

no body cavity

68
Q

psuedocoelemate

A

body cavity but not surrounded by mesoderm

69
Q

coelomate

A

has a coelom

70
Q

protostomes

A

blastula turns into mouth first

71
Q

dueterostome

A

blastula turns into anus first

72
Q

chitin

A

A carbohydrate that tends to make up exoskeletons

73
Q

What are the advantages of having an exoskeleton

A

no desiccation, protections, cite for muscle attachment

74
Q

What are the disadvantages of having an exoskeleton

A

molting, heavy and restrictive

75
Q
A

Bio Final (2 decks)

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