Viruses/ Prokaryotes/Archea/Protists Flashcards by Karsyn G

What is a virus?

Obligate intracellular parasite

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Properties of viruses

cannot multiple unless they invade a specific host cell and instruct its genetic and metabolic machinery to make and release new viruses, infect any cell – plant, algae, protozoa, animals

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Describe the structures of viruses and their genomes

Regular repeating subunits- External coating, core containing one or more nucleic acid strains of DNA or RNA, sometimes one or two enzymes

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Describe the differences between DNA and RNA viruses

RNA are single stranded, replicate in host cell’s cytoplasm, and transcribe to double stranded DNA with reverse transcriptase – DNA are double stranded and are replication in nucleus of a eukaryotic host cell

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Describe the components viruses may contain(4)

Capsid, Envelope, Spikes, Genome

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Capsid

protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid made of capsomeres - protein subunits

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Envelope

external covering of nucleocapsid, usually modified piece of the hosts cell membrane

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Spikes

Allow viruses to dock with host cells, found on naked and enveloped viruses, project from nucleocapsid or envelope

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Genome

the sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism

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obligate cellular parasites

Cannot reproduce outside of their host

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bacteriophage

Bacteria eating – They infect bacteria

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Lytic Cycle

Attachment, Injection, Synthesis, Assembly, Release

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Lysogenic Cycle

Attachment, Injection, Integration into the host cell genome, Replication with host’s DNA

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Describe how viruses can contribute DNA to their hosts. How can this contribute to an increase in virulence of otherwise harmless organisms.

They incorperate themselves into the genome and reproduce with host DNA

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Organelles or structures in prokaryotes

Cell envelope, cytoplasm, appendages - No membrane bound organelles – Outer cell wall, sometimes flagella and plasmids

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Bianary Fission

Asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies

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Conjugation

forms between two cells – donor to recipient through the plius

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Transformation

picks up free DNA from other prokaryotes and incorporates them into the genome

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Transduction

bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to other

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3 ways of Genetic Recombination

Transduction, Transformation, Conjagation

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What are the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

Gram-negative has a second plasma membrane and makes infections more difficult to treat

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Obligate aerobes

unable to grow without oxygen

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Obligate anaerobes

unable to grow with oxygen

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Facultative anaerobes

can grow with or without oxygen

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Aerotolerant anaerobes

doesn’t need it but can grow with it

endospore

A dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the genetic materal in times of stress

Describe two ways antibacterial compounds work

Compound inhibits protein biosynthesis – compound inhibits cell wall biosynthesis

biofilm

Microorganisms all together on a surface - teeth

Characteristics of Archaea

No peptidoglycan in cell walls, tend to live in harsh conditions

halophile

Need high salt – salty lakes

thermoacidophile

Need extreme temperatures – hot sulfur springs

Methanogen

Need methane – Anaerobic marshes

Compare prokaryotes to eukaryotic.

Eukaryotes have distinct nucleus and organelles - Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles

Autotrophic

Make own food – plant like

Heterotrophic

Eat food – animal like

Phagotrophs.

engulfing food to eat it - hetero

Mixotrophs

can use a mix of different sources of energy

Saprotrophs

decomposers – fungus like

What are the characteristics of animal like protist? List some examples of these protist

Protozoans – cilia and cytoplasmic streaming- pseudopod , paramecium, amoeba, recycles organic materials, food for other organisms

4. What are the characteristics of plant like protist? List some examples of these protist

flagella- euglena, algae, recycles organic materials

What are the characteristics of Fungus like protist? List some examples of these protist.

Slime mold, water mold – recycles organic materials

Are fungus unicellular or multicellular? Give examples

Can be both - yeast is uni - molds are multi

How does fungus obtain nutrients?

grows through food source (substratum) excretes digestive enzymes, and absorbs dissolved food

Hyphae

Branching filaments to make up the mycelium of fungi - Tubular, hard wall of chitin, full of cytoplasm

mycelium

Mass of branching interconnected hyphae that forms sex organs

mycorrhizal

Fungal roots.- mutualistic releationship between fugus and plant roots – carbohydrates for fungi/ nutrient and water for plant

lichen

composite organisms of fungi & algae; resilient – can colonize harsh environments & begin succession by breaking down rock

Why are fungal infections difficult to treat in humans?

The cells are eukaryotic and harder to distinguish from the hosts regular cells

Characteristics of animals

No cell wall, heterotrophic, aerobic, diploid, motile, eukaryotic

Two tissues unique to animals

muscle and nervous

What group lacks true tissues

Parazoas

gastrulation

When the blastula turns into the three layered embryo known as the gastrula - creates germ layers

5. How is the primitive gut(archenteron) formed?

gastrulation

blastopore

The opening to the primitive gut - archenteron

What are the possible 3 tissue layers?

Mesoderm, ectoderm, Endoderm

endoderm

Organs of the digestive system

ectoderm

Outer layer of tissue and nervous system

Mesoderm

Tissue and organ systems like muscle and skeletal

diploblastic

two germ layers

triploblastic

three germ layers

asymmetrical symmetry

Cut anywhere and its not symmetrical - sponge

radial symmetry

Cut anywhere and its symmetrical - sea anemone

Bilateral symmetry

cut down the middle and its symmetrical - elephant

cephalization

Presence of a head - not all animals have

What are body cavities

Open spaces for organs

Coelom

A body cavity surrounded by mesoderm

Acoelomate

no body cavity

psuedocoelemate

body cavity but not surrounded by mesoderm

coelomate

has a coelom

protostomes

blastula turns into mouth first

dueterostome

blastula turns into anus first

chitin

A carbohydrate that tends to make up exoskeletons

What are the advantages of having an exoskeleton

no desiccation, protections, cite for muscle attachment

What are the disadvantages of having an exoskeleton

molting, heavy and restrictive