Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AID > Viruses and Virology > Flashcards

Viruses and Virology Flashcards

1
Q

What did Dmitri Iwanowski find?

A

Tobacco plants can infect each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did the Chamberland filter show?

A

That viruses exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • Smallest infectious agent (20-300nm)
  • Cannot replicate independently
  • Cannot be seen by a microscope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are general properties of a virus?

A
  • Small
  • Contain DNA or RNA
  • Simple structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Viral components are produced in the eclipse phase and are eventually assembled to make a final viral particle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 structures in a virus?

A
  • Nucleic acid
  • Protein coat (capsid)
  • Viral envelope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 2 shapes can a virus be?

A

Rod or round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What symmetry do rod viruses have?

A

Helical symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What symmetry do round viruses have?

A

Icosahedral symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the properties of a icosahedron?

A

20 faces
30 edges
12 vertices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are enveloped or non enveloped viruses more stable?

A

Non enveloped (naked)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a capsid?

A
  • Protein shell
  • Molecules arranged precisely
  • Capsomeres are subunits of a capsid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is icosahedral symmetry?

A

Identical protein subunits arranged together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of metastability?

A

It protects the viral genome and facilitates the delivery of it, achieved by symmetry of it’s subunits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 3 things is classification based on?

A
  • diseases
  • the host they infect
  • virus particle morphology and nucleic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the order of taxonomy for viruses

A

Order
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What classification system is most commonly used?

A

Baltimore classification system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many classes does the Baltimore classification system use?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 unconventional viruses?

A

Viroids and Prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name some properties of viroids

A
  • circular ssRNA
  • rod or dumb bell shaped
  • no proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name some properties of pirions

A
  • slowly replicate in host
  • no nucleic acid
  • abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 goals of a virus?

A

1) get into the cell
2) make the virus
3) leave the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between enveloped virus entry and non-enveloped virus entry?

A
  • Enveloped entry fuses with membrane and then with endosomes at a low pH
  • Non-enveloped has direct entry over the plasma membrane
24
Q

What is the definition of viral tropism?

A

The specificity of a virus to a specific host cell

25
What are the 6 steps for viral replication?
1) Attachment 2) Entry 3) Uncoating 4) Viral NA + protein synthesis 5) Assembly 6) Release
26
What is replication of RNA viruses dependant on?
RNA dependant RNA polymerase
27
Name some in vivo culture systems
- animal - plant - bacteria - chicken eggs
28
Name the in vitro culture system
cell culture
29
How are chicken eggs used as a culture system?
Many compartments can be used, the eggs are incubated at 37 degrees for 2-3 days. You observe the embryo for death/ changes.
30
What are CPEs?
Observable differences due to viral infection such as shrinking, syncytium, inclusion bodies and apoptosis
31
Define hemadsorption?
Infected cells bind to and absorb red blood cells
32
What are the two main ways of quantifying a virus?
- Measuring the number of viral particles (electron microscopy) - Measuring the number of infectious viral particles (ELISA or IMF)
33
What are the 4 stages of the virus growth cycle?
1) Inoculation 2) Eclipse 3) Burst 4) Burst size
34
Name 3 portals of virus entry
- Conjunctiva - Respiratory tract - Gastrointestinal tract - Skin - Genital tract - Congenital infection
35
How can your eye catch a virus?
Due to accidental introduction or from respiratory tract by droplets. Usually the herpes virus or adenovirus.
36
How do you get a virus in your respiratory tract?
Inhalation of middle sized droplets
37
What does the vagina do to avoid viruses?
Produce mucus and have a low pH
38
How does the gastrointestinal tract protect itself from viruses?
- acid - low pH - enzymes - bile
39
How can your skin get a virus?
- Trauma/inoculation - Medical procedures - Insect/ animal bites
40
What is pathogenesis?
The ability/ capacity for a virus to cause disease
41
What is virulence?
The measure of pathogenesis of the infecting virus
42
How can viruses be quantified?
- Measure of lesions - Measure fever/ weight loss - Mean time to appearance of disease - Mean time to death - Virus titre - Mortality/ hospitalisation rate - Reduction in CD47 cell
43
What are the 3 phases of HIV?
1) acute phase 2) chronic phase 3) AIDs phase
44
What are some properties of HIV?
- Enveloped - Lethal amount of calcium and influx of protein - 2 surface glycoproteins
45
What factor can affect virulence?
Age
46
What do virus virulence genes affect?
- Toxins - Viral replication - Enables virus to spread to host - Modulators of immune response
47
What are the 4 types of vaccine?
- nucleic acid vaccine - subunit of an organism - killed whole organism - weakened form
48
What is a weakened vaccine?
Weakened form of the virus, may not be good for immunocompromised people but gives a strong and lasting response.
49
What is a inactivated vaccine?
Whole virus is dead so no replication, good for immunocompromised people but not a strong response
50
What is a subunit vaccine?
One more more subunits of the surface of the virus, good for immunocompromised people but not very strong response
51
What is a nucleic acid/ genetic vaccine?
Genes are given to host cells to be expressed for an immune response, quick and easy to develop and significant promise for development for future vaccines
52
What must an effective vaccination programme be?
Cheap and safe
53
What 3 factors does an effective vaccine need?
1) antigen stability 2) ease of diagnosis 3) no animal reservoirs
54
What can antivirals do?
Stop infection once it has started, there are over 1000 available on the US market
55
What do anti-HIV drugs do?
- control viral replication - inhibit viral replication at different phases of replication

AID (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions