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AID > Viruses and Virology > Flashcards

Viruses and Virology Flashcards

1
Q

What did Dmitri Iwanowski find?

A

Tobacco plants can infect each other

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2
Q

What did the Chamberland filter show?

A

That viruses exist

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3
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • Smallest infectious agent (20-300nm)
  • Cannot replicate independently
  • Cannot be seen by a microscope
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4
Q

What are general properties of a virus?

A
  • Small
  • Contain DNA or RNA
  • Simple structure
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5
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Viral components are produced in the eclipse phase and are eventually assembled to make a final viral particle

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6
Q

What are the 3 structures in a virus?

A
  • Nucleic acid
  • Protein coat (capsid)
  • Viral envelope
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7
Q

What 2 shapes can a virus be?

A

Rod or round

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8
Q

What symmetry do rod viruses have?

A

Helical symmetry

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9
Q

What symmetry do round viruses have?

A

Icosahedral symmetry

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10
Q

What are the properties of a icosahedron?

A

20 faces
30 edges
12 vertices

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11
Q

Are enveloped or non enveloped viruses more stable?

A

Non enveloped (naked)

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12
Q

What is a capsid?

A
  • Protein shell
  • Molecules arranged precisely
  • Capsomeres are subunits of a capsid
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13
Q

What is icosahedral symmetry?

A

Identical protein subunits arranged together

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14
Q

What is the purpose of metastability?

A

It protects the viral genome and facilitates the delivery of it, achieved by symmetry of it’s subunits.

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15
Q

What 3 things is classification based on?

A
  • diseases
  • the host they infect
  • virus particle morphology and nucleic acid
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16
Q

List the order of taxonomy for viruses

A

Order
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Species

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17
Q

What classification system is most commonly used?

A

Baltimore classification system

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18
Q

How many classes does the Baltimore classification system use?

A

7

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19
Q

What are the 2 unconventional viruses?

A

Viroids and Prions

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20
Q

Name some properties of viroids

A
  • circular ssRNA
  • rod or dumb bell shaped
  • no proteins
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21
Q

Name some properties of pirions

A
  • slowly replicate in host
  • no nucleic acid
  • abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins
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22
Q

What are the 3 goals of a virus?

A

1) get into the cell
2) make the virus
3) leave the cell

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23
Q

What is the difference between enveloped virus entry and non-enveloped virus entry?

A
  • Enveloped entry fuses with membrane and then with endosomes at a low pH
  • Non-enveloped has direct entry over the plasma membrane
24
Q

What is the definition of viral tropism?

A

The specificity of a virus to a specific host cell

25
Q

What are the 6 steps for viral replication?

A

1) Attachment
2) Entry
3) Uncoating
4) Viral NA + protein synthesis
5) Assembly
6) Release

26
Q

What is replication of RNA viruses dependant on?

A

RNA dependant RNA polymerase

27
Q

Name some in vivo culture systems

A
  • animal
  • plant
  • bacteria
  • chicken eggs
28
Q

Name the in vitro culture system

A

cell culture

29
Q

How are chicken eggs used as a culture system?

A

Many compartments can be used, the eggs are incubated at 37 degrees for 2-3 days. You observe the embryo for death/ changes.

30
Q

What are CPEs?

A

Observable differences due to viral infection such as shrinking, syncytium, inclusion bodies and apoptosis

31
Q

Define hemadsorption?

A

Infected cells bind to and absorb red blood cells

32
Q

What are the two main ways of quantifying a virus?

A
  • Measuring the number of viral particles (electron microscopy)
  • Measuring the number of infectious viral particles (ELISA or IMF)
33
Q

What are the 4 stages of the virus growth cycle?

A

1) Inoculation
2) Eclipse
3) Burst
4) Burst size

34
Q

Name 3 portals of virus entry

A
  • Conjunctiva
  • Respiratory tract
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Skin
  • Genital tract
  • Congenital infection
35
Q

How can your eye catch a virus?

A

Due to accidental introduction or from respiratory tract by droplets. Usually the herpes virus or adenovirus.

36
Q

How do you get a virus in your respiratory tract?

A

Inhalation of middle sized droplets

37
Q

What does the vagina do to avoid viruses?

A

Produce mucus and have a low pH

38
Q

How does the gastrointestinal tract protect itself from viruses?

A
  • acid
  • low pH
  • enzymes
  • bile
39
Q

How can your skin get a virus?

A
  • Trauma/inoculation
  • Medical procedures
  • Insect/ animal bites
40
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

The ability/ capacity for a virus to cause disease

41
Q

What is virulence?

A

The measure of pathogenesis of the infecting virus

42
Q

How can viruses be quantified?

A
  • Measure of lesions
  • Measure fever/ weight loss
  • Mean time to appearance of disease
  • Mean time to death
  • Virus titre
  • Mortality/ hospitalisation rate
  • Reduction in CD47 cell
43
Q

What are the 3 phases of HIV?

A

1) acute phase
2) chronic phase
3) AIDs phase

44
Q

What are some properties of HIV?

A
  • Enveloped
  • Lethal amount of calcium and influx of protein
  • 2 surface glycoproteins
45
Q

What factor can affect virulence?

A

Age

46
Q

What do virus virulence genes affect?

A
  • Toxins
  • Viral replication
  • Enables virus to spread to host
  • Modulators of immune response
47
Q

What are the 4 types of vaccine?

A
  • nucleic acid vaccine
  • subunit of an organism
  • killed whole organism
  • weakened form
48
Q

What is a weakened vaccine?

A

Weakened form of the virus, may not be good for immunocompromised people but gives a strong and lasting response.

49
Q

What is a inactivated vaccine?

A

Whole virus is dead so no replication, good for immunocompromised people but not a strong response

50
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A

One more more subunits of the surface of the virus, good for immunocompromised people but not very strong response

51
Q

What is a nucleic acid/ genetic vaccine?

A

Genes are given to host cells to be expressed for an immune response, quick and easy to develop and significant promise for development for future vaccines

52
Q

What must an effective vaccination programme be?

A

Cheap and safe

53
Q

What 3 factors does an effective vaccine need?

A

1) antigen stability
2) ease of diagnosis
3) no animal reservoirs

54
Q

What can antivirals do?

A

Stop infection once it has started, there are over 1000 available on the US market

55
Q

What do anti-HIV drugs do?

A
  • control viral replication
  • inhibit viral replication at different phases of replication

AID (4 decks)

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