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aid > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular bacteria?

A
  • Intracellular can enter and survive inside the host organism
  • Extracellular cannot survive inside the host once the phagocyte is ingested
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2
Q

What is the definition of virulence?

A

The ability to infect the host and cause disease

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3
Q

What are issues with the evolution of HIV?

A

The antigenic drift is very rapid and therefore outpaces the development of the immune response which causes disease

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4
Q

How does the flu spread so rapidly?

A

The recombination of the RNA sequence which further mutates to cause more epidemics

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5
Q

In 1918, what major thing did the Spanish flu do?

A

Crossed the species barrier

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6
Q

What does altering the surface proteins on a pathogen do?

A

It means they can avoid host immune response

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7
Q

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary response?

A
  • Primary response takes 7-10 days and is not very strong
  • Secondary response takes 4-6 days and is very powerful, memory improves here due to memory cells
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8
Q

What immune response do we depend on in the first few hours/ days?

A

Innate immunity

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9
Q

What can the immune system check to distinguish between self and non-self at a molecular level?

A
  • Bacterial cell wall
  • Protein and peptide structures
  • Yeast carbohydrates
  • Pathogenic DNA
  • Viral antigens on host cells
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10
Q

What tissue uses only it’s own immune response?

A

The brain, through the blood brain barrier

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11
Q

Why must the immune system give the right amount of response?

A

Or else it will not clear it or it may damage the host

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12
Q

What are the two types of immune response?

A

Innate and adaptive

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13
Q

What are mucus layers?

A
  • On epithelial surfaces
    -Secreted from mucins and glycoproteins
  • Slippery so pathogens can’t attach
  • Have cilia
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14
Q

What are defensins?

A
  • Hydrophobic domains
  • 12-50 aa in length
  • positive charge
  • in all plants and animals
    They kill and inactivate pathogens using an uncertain non-specific mechanism
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15
Q

Why are PAMPs useful?

A

They look for something different in the body which is recognised by PRRs in the blood

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16
Q

Name 3 classes of PAMPs

A
  • fMet attracts neutrophils
  • peptidogylcans from cell walls
  • bacterial flagellae
  • lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
  • mannans, glucans and chitin from fungi
  • motifs from bacterial or viral DNA
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17
Q

What do toll receptors do?

A

Pathogenic fungi bind to repeating motifs which sends signal to nucleus which expresses antifungal defensins.
Basically nucleus feels the signal and inflammatory response is triggered.

18
Q

Where are toll like receptors found?

A
  • epithelial cells
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • neutrophils
19
Q

How old are TLRs and PAMPs believed to be?

A

1576 million years old

20
Q

What is evasion?

A

LPS is replaced with LOS so it is not recognised by immune system and evades it, it mimics a body cell

21
Q

What are the 3 types of phagocyte?

A
  • Macrophage
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
22
Q

What two types of cell are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils

23
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Most common phagocyte which are rapidly recruited but short lived, they have a bright pink nucleus

24
Q

What are macrophages?

A

They recognise and remove dead and damaged cells, they are long lived

25
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

They destroy parasites and modulate allergic inflammatory responses, they work together. They also stain with eosin stain.

26
Q

What happens during a respiratory burst?

A

Increase in oxygen consumption

27
Q

What happens in a killing frenzy?

A
  • Loads of stuff dies
  • Stuff inside macrophages die
  • Inflammation aids the frenzy
  • Can cause septic shock
28
Q

What do interferons do?

A
  • inferfere with vial infection
  • activate other mechanisms
  • promote apoptosis
  • fight cancers
29
Q

How do NK cells work?

A

Apoptosis is triggered and the bodies left behind are engulfed by phagocytes

30
Q

What does the R number represent?

A

Number of secondary cases

31
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop and migrate to?

A

Develop in the bone marrow and migrate to peripheral / secondary lymphoid organs

32
Q

What activates the adaptive immune response?

A

Dendritic cells activated by binding of pathogens to TLRs

33
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

Develop from thymus tissue from thymocytes

34
Q

What do T cells do?

A

They recognise non self antigens and cause mitosis and clonal expansion of specific T cells. Causes swelling in lymph glands.

35
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Recognise antigens and activate caspases from signals

36
Q

Where do B cells develop?

A

Bone marrow

37
Q

What do B cells do?

A
  • Antibody specific secretion
  • Recognise antigens as soluble proteins
  • Clonal expansion
38
Q

Name the 5 classes of immunoglobulin (Ig)? How are they distinguished?

A

IgM
IgD
IgG
IgA
IgE
They are distinguishable by their H chains

39
Q

How many polypeptide chains do antigens have?

A

4

40
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

Antibodies made by B cells in lymph nodes improve affinity and become more specific.

aid (4 decks)

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