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Micro 121 > Viruses and fungi > Flashcards

Viruses and fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Gram - Cell Envelope

A

outer membrane
cell wall
periplasmic space
cell membrane

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2
Q

cell membrane

and functions

A

phospholipid layer

active transport and energy production.

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3
Q

cell wall

A

peptidoglycan crosslinked meshwork

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4
Q

peptidoglycan layer made up of

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Amino Acids
= building blocks added to growing polypeptide chain

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5
Q

cell wall functions

A

osmotic barrier
antibiotic site of action
provides shape: rod, coccus, spiral

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6
Q

outer membrane

A

lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin)

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7
Q

functions of outer membrane

A 
permeability barrier (porin proteins)
sometimes bacteria will change these proteins(PBP)
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8
Q

Virus

A

Obligate intracellular parasite

Cannot make energy, completely dependent on host cell

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9
Q

virus structure

A

Noncellular
no organelles
no ribosomes

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10
Q

Virus structure (made up of)

A

genome (made of DNA or RNA)
capsid (protein shell)
envelope - only some have this.

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11
Q

envelopes have

A

spikes containing glycoprotein/lipid

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12
Q

Virus capsid

A

Protein shell that provides shape
assembly of identical protein subunits
ex. icosahedral

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13
Q

Virus replication cycle

A 
attachment
enter and uncoating
replication 
assembly
release
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14
Q

attachment

A

susceptible cell: receptors (glycoprotein) for the cirus on the cell surface
Specific distribution to specific tissues

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15
Q

spikes (attachment)

A

recognize CD4 receptors on the host cell

ex. on WBC for HIV

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16
Q

Viral entry (3)

A
  1. Endocytosis
  2. Direct fusion
  3. Nucleic acid translocation
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17
Q

endocytosis

A

Majority of nonenveloped viruses

entire virus engulfed by teh cell and enclosed in a vacuole

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18
Q

direct fusion

A

Enveloped viruses
Envelope fuses with the cell membrane of host cell with spikes trapped in membrane
protein capsi transferred into the cell (protein and nucleic acids inside cell)

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19
Q

nucleic acid translocation

A

Rare nonenveloped viruses
Capsid adheres to host cell membrane -> partial rearrangement of virion -> nucleic acid (only) passes directly into host cell

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20
Q

dsDNA Replication

A

Virus uses host RNA Polymerase to make RNA: capsid proteins and DNA polymerase
Virus uses the created DNA polymerase to replicate DNA

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21
Q

RNA Replication (2)

A

some can act directly on the ribosome

retroviruses

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22
Q

(+) RNA Virus (Retroviruses)

A

not used directly as mRNA
Uses own virion reverse transcriptase to make dsDNA -> integrated into the host cell’s chromosome
integrated dsDNA transcribed with normal cell machinery ->mRNA)

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23
Q

reverse transcriptase enz process

A

creates ssDNA complementary to the retroviral RNA

  • > ssDNA -> complementary DNA
  • > dsDNA enters host cell nucleus
  • > Latent infection
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24
Q

latent viral infections

A

the persistence of viral genomes

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25
Q

latent viral infection ex’s

A

herpes simplex and varicella - latent infection in sensory neurons
HIV-1latent infection of resting memory CD4 (+) T cells.

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26
Q

nonenveloped viruses assembly and release

A

lysis - kill

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27
Q

enveloped viruses assembly and release

A

Bud through the host cell plasma membrane - slower killing of the host once enough of the embrane is gone.

28
Q

Diagnostic detection of viruses (5)

A 
direct detection with microscopy
Viral culture
Serology
Amplification of the nucleic acid
Antigen detection
29
Q

direct detection with microscopy of viruses

A

for viruses that are very difficult to grow
rarely done, time consuming - look at the shape
electron microschope used - impractical

30
Q

Viral culture

A

Many different tissue types are inoculated
if there is a virus - monolayer of cells will be destroyed
be aware of cytopathic effect (CPE)

31
Q

Cytopathic effect

A

nonspecific viral culture
Effect the virus infection has on the appearance of cell in culture viewed by light microschope after pt specimen is inoculated onto the cell culture and the virus has replicated
can’t tell which virus it is, just that there is a virus

32
Q

Serology

A

detection of the immune response by the host against the infecting agent
Detecting specific immunoglobulin (antibody)- need to know what you are looking for
very common way of detecting viruses
ex. Hep B

33
Q

PCR

A

specfici segment of RNA or DNA
genetic material extracted from pt sample.
genetic matieral is multiplied many times and then detected
extremely sensitive and specific
becoming the standard

34
Q

antigen detection:

A

derect ttest on a patient specimen

detect specific antigen of the particular organism you are looking for.

35
Q

example of antigen detection

A

in kids with rotavirus

stool contains the antibody binded to the antigen - can detect it

36
Q

Antiviral agents

A

Viral uncoating (penetration): stop virus from being uncoated = neutral virus
nucleic acid synthesis: reverse transcriptase inhibitors (HIV)
Assembly and Release: Protease inhibitors (HIV) - Flu.

37
Q

Eukaryotic cell structure

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

Cell wall

38
Q

Fungal cytoplasmic membrane made of

A

ergosterol (primary sterol)

39
Q

Cell wall made of

A

Chitin (No peptidoglycan)

40
Q

reproduction of funi

A

Spores or Canidia

41
Q

charachteristics of the spore that is used to classify the fungi

A

size
shape
arrangement`

42
Q

growing yeast on and in this much time

A

bacteriology or mycology media

24-48 hours.

43
Q

Yeast in comparison with bacteria

A

budding cells

larger

44
Q

gram stain on yeast

A

will work but call them purple cells

45
Q

mold growth

A

through the development of hyphae: multicellular fungal elements

46
Q

hyphae grow to

A

mycelium
enough hyphae to be visible
ex. green stuff in the cheese

47
Q

meningitis

A 
yeast infection (cryptococcus neoformans) - affects the lining of the brain
yest with large capsule (pathogenicity factor)
48
Q

2 types of hyphae

A

reproductive hyphae - not seen in the host
branches
vegetative hyphae - seen in the host
roots

49
Q

Growing of molds

A

most from environment
specific media with antibiotics to inhibit bacteria and support fungi
optimize environmental conditions lower temp 30 degrees
Takes weeks.
ORDER FUNGUS CULTURE SPECIFICALLY

50
Q

Dimorphic Fungi

A

grow depending on temperature
yeast at 37
mold at 30

51
Q

histoplasma capsulatum

A

follow bird migration and great lakes - damp soils

resp infection

52
Q

blastomyces dermatitidis

A

Follow bird migration and great lakes

cause blastomycosis

53
Q

coccidioides immitis

A

North America
Causes coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)
creates lung tumor - need lung biopsy.

54
Q

all the Fungi infections start with

A

respiratory infections by breathing them in.

55
Q

Target sites for antifungal therapy

A

cell wall: inhibit chitin
cell membrane - inhibit ergesterol
mitosis

56
Q

cell membrane tartgeted antifungals

A

Polyenes - Ergosterol incorporation

  • very costly, IV, for serious diseases
    azoles: Ergosterol synthesis:
  • more common, treat serious, oral and IV
57
Q

How do you get fungal disease (2)

A

Change in host

environmental exposure

58
Q

change in hist (2)

A

antibiotics:
- also kills off some normal flora therefore, susceptible to fungal infection
immunosupression
a. neutropenia - susceptible to aspergillus
b. T cell destruction (AIDS) - susceptible to histoplasma

59
Q

Environmental superficial infections

A

dermatophytes

Ringworm

60
Q

ringworm can only infect

A

skin
hair
nails
because of keratin as growth substrate

61
Q

disease state of dermatophytes is called

A

TInea

62
Q

to get dermatophitic infection you need

A

prolonged direct contact - hyphae can get to the next person and survive.

63
Q

Molds names to recognize

A

Epidermophyton
Trichophyton
Microsporum

64
Q

yeast name

A

Candida

65
Q

Factors affecting systemic infection (systemic mycoses)

A

route of exposure (aerosol)
previous exposure/immunity
status of immune system
amount of inoculum

66
Q

detection of fungi

A 
culture (Y-1-3 day, dermatophytes (1-3wks, systemics (3-6wks)
Direct smears
KOH Mount
Calcoluor
Gram Stain
Silver Stain.

Micro 121 (3 decks)

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